Why is a second dose necessary for some vaccines such as Polio vaccine, while other vaccines like Yellow Fever vaccine requires just a single dose in most cases?
The second dose is memory. It is easier to establish inmunity. The balance IgG and IgM normally is shorter as lymphocytes do remember the inmunity acquired that day. In a vaccine with a second dose it helps the inmunity to settle. It is difficult to obtain inmunity at once. It normally depends on the agent, the adjuvants and the way it is made. It establishes the inmunity. It (could occur) more often in mRNA vaccines. It must be inside and make sure it replicates to make the antigen. This kind of vaccines could have secondary effects, but we do not know what there are.
Good Question, and I aggreed the answer of M Angeles Zorrilla , the second dose of vaccine is called Booster dose, First child birht BCG vaccine also single dose because the developed antibody are present ultill life time, in case of TT we need vaccinate every five years because of the life span of antibody(protein) in our system. In case of Rabies PEP we need to vaccinate every year to maintain the antibody level not less than 0.5 IU,
In Polio upto the age of 5 the childs are needed OPV to keep the antibody activity
The booster dose are enhancing the IgG antibody secreation/ production against the vaccine
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