Dear DR Khaleel

Adding nano-materials to any fluid with low percentage whether in volume or mass fraction have an effect of its thermal conductivity and then it enhance its heat flow. There is no specific number for the best added fraction which depends on the nano-material type, form, addition fraction (percentage), and mixing method.

Regards

Dear DR Khaleel

Adding nano-materials to any fluid with low percentage whether in volume or mass fraction have an effect of its thermal conductivity and then it enhance its heat flow. There is no specific number for the best added fraction which depends on the nano-material type, form, addition fraction (percentage), and mixing method.

Regards

Hello Prof. Khaleel

In a forced convection scenario,heat transfer coefficient is directly proportional to the thermal conductivity of the fluid.Hence adding nanoparticles to any newtonian fluid will result in an enhanced heat transfer. The degree of enhancement will depend on the type of nanoparticles,particle volume/mass fraction,temperature,particle shape etc.

But,due to the addition of nanoparticles,there will be an increment in fluid viscosity as well.So,we must consider the detrimental effects brought in by the viscosity enhancement of nanofluids.

Dear Sir  Miqdam and Vipin Nair i so thank for yours answer  in equitation i mean how much improvement.....  

Dear Prof. Khaleel

I wish this book will be helpful to you

Khalid F Sultan, Raid S Jawad, Nano fluid and heat transfer in circular tube, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, 2015.

Dear  Prof. Miqdam  ithank you for for giving a book name .