Dietary patterns, life styles (more stressful), and food quality has changed since 1980s. To address the issue, broadernpolicy and structural changes are needed to promote healthy eating, low stress lifestyles , and engagement in sports and physical activity.

Proper landuse planning will encourage people to run, bike, walk. Sedentary life style is a big risk factor for diabetes.

Rise of junk food will need to be addressed. low-calorie diet that include variety of fruits and vegetables, will be helpful. Farmers market and elimination of food deserts are needed.

Diabetes indeed is a major health problem across the world. Modern life style and diet are the main reasons for growing problem of type 2 diabetes in the world. Therefore, change in life style and dietary pattern is essential for controlling type 2 diabetes. To help prevent type 2 diabetes and its complications, people should avoid stress in their daily life, maintain healthy body weight, be physically active on most days, eat a healthy diet by avoiding intake of sugar and saturated fats, and avoid smoking.

Article The prevention and control the type-2 diabetes by changing l...

The excessive consumption of sugar, maybe, reflects a lack of love in this world.

Great efforts should be made to change eating habits and physical activity worldwide, especially in the early years of life when these habits begin to settle, in order to counter the spread of diabetes and its great harm.

The subject needs to be more acute to develop a drug reduces this deadly disease as well as a deep study to develop appropriate solutions and without side effects because the disease is spreading abnormally and very frequently ....

The global prevalence of diabetes among adults over 18 years of age has risen from 4.7% in 1980 to 8.5% in 2014 .

Diabetes prevalence has been rising more rapidly in middle- and low-income countries.

Diabetes is a major cause of blindness, kidney failure, heart attacks, stroke and lower limb amputation.

In 2016, an estimated 1.6 million deaths were directly caused by diabetes. Another 2.2 million deaths were attributable to high blood glucose in 2012**.

Almost half of all deaths attributable to high blood glucose occur before the age of 70 years. WHO estimates that diabetes was the seventh leading cause of death in 2016.

Healthy diet, regular physical activity, maintaining a normal body weight and avoiding tobacco use are ways to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes.

Diabetes can be treated and its consequences avoided or delayed with diet, physical activity, medication and regular screening and treatment for complications.

Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood sugar. Hyperglycaemia, or raised blood sugar, is a common effect of uncontrolled diabetes and over time leads to serious damage to many of the body's systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels.

Type 1 diabetes (previously known as insulin-dependent, juvenile or childhood-onset) is characterized by deficient insulin production and requires daily administration of insulin. The cause of type 1 diabetes is not known and it is not preventable with current knowledge.

Symptoms include excessive excretion of urine (polyuria), thirst (polydipsia), constant hunger, weight loss, vision changes, and fatigue. These symptoms may occur suddenly.

Type 2 diabetes (formerly called non-insulin-dependent, or adult-onset) results from the body’s ineffective use of insulin. Type 2 diabetes comprises the majority of people with diabetes around the world, and is largely the result of excess body weight and physical inactivity.

Symptoms may be similar to those of type 1 diabetes, but are often less marked. As a result, the disease may be diagnosed several years after onset, once complications have already arisen.

WHO aims to stimulate and support the adoption of effective measures for the surveillance, prevention and control of diabetes and its complications, particularly in low and middle-income countries. To this end, WHO:

• provides scientific guidelines for the prevention of major noncommunicable diseases including diabetes.
• develops norms and standards for diabetes diagnosis and care.
• builds awareness on the global epidemic of diabetes, marking World Diabetes Day (14 November).
• conducts surveillance of diabetes and its risk factors.

Over time, diabetes can damage the heart, blood vessels, eyes, kidneys, and nerves.

• Adults with diabetes have a two- to three-fold increased risk of heart attacks and strokes.
• Combined with reduced blood flow, neuropathy (nerve damage) in the feet increases the chance of foot ulcers, infection and eventual need for limb amputation.
• Diabetic retinopathy is an important cause of blindness, and occurs as a result of long-term accumulated damage to the small blood vessels in the retina. 2.6% of global blindness can be attributed to diabetes .
• Diabetes is among the leading causes of kidney failure.

Diabetes caused 1.5 million deaths in 2012. Higher-than-optimal blood glucose caused an additional 2.2 million deaths, by increasing the risks of cardiovascular and other diseases. Forty-three percent of these 3.7 million deaths occur before the age of 70 years. The percentage of deaths attributable to high blood glucose or diabetes that occurs prior to age 70 is higher in low- and middle-income countries than in high-income  countries.

After the age of 50, middleincome countries have the highest proportion of deaths attributed to high blood glucose, for both men and women (see Figure 1). Except in high-income countries, the proportion of deaths attributable to high blood glucose for both men and women are highest in the age group 60–69 years. Forty-three per cent of all deaths attributable to high blood glucose occur prematurely, before the age of 70 years – an estimated 1.6 million deaths worldwide.

Interesting question and valuable information provided by Dr Gulzar Shah, Dr. Arvind Singh, and Dr Yehya A. Salih

Following more answers

Diabetes is an international disease which is drastically growing in the whole world.

Great Job Dr Sikandar Hayay Khan.

"Type 1 diabetes

Cell therapy

Although still in the very early stages of development, cell therapy is one of the biggest hopes towards developing a cure for diabetes, especially for type 1 diabetes. Replacing the missing insulin-producing cells has the potential to recover normal insulin production and cure patients.

However, early attempts at the transplantation of pancreatic cells have largely failed, mostly due to immune reactions against donor cells that cause complications and eventually destroy the implanted cells. The lack of donors is also a limitation.

One of the most advanced alternatives comes from the Diabetes Research Institute (DRI) in the US, which is developing a bioengineered mini-organ where insulin-producing cells are encapsulated within a protective barrier. Two years ago, the DRI announced that the first patient treated in an ongoing Phase I/II trial no longer requires insulin therapy.

A similar device is being developed by Viacyte, in collaboration with the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF) in the UK. After a Phase I trial where the device proved safe, the company is now working on improving the engraftment of insulin-producing cells.

Big pharma are in the early stages of developing their own cell therapy approaches for diabetes. Novo Nordisk, one of the largest providers of diabetes treatments, is bidding for stem cells and an encapsulation device, stating that the first clinical trial could take place in the “next few years.” Sanofi, also a big name in diabetes, is working with the German Evotec in a beta cell replacement therapy for diabetics.

The Belgian Orgenesis is pursuing an approach where the implanted cells are derived from the patient’s liver and reprogrammed into insulin-producing cells to avoid the issues of sourcing cells from donors. Islexa, in the UK, is developing a similar procedure sourcing cells from the pancreas". (https://labiotech.eu/features/diabetes-treatment-cure-review/)

Thank you very much for this elaborate diagram@Nazia Asad

regards

Community-based Case management Services for the older adults will be able to reduce the production generations' social burden to care for the older adults.

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Thank you so much dear Prof. Lamia Al-Naama for kind comment.

Please accept my appreciation.

Diabetes is by far the commonest endocrine disorder. I conducted a survey to find out the prevelance of diabetes in Mosul, Iraq as a part of my MSc some 18 years ago. At that time I revealed that around 10% of population had T2DM. I am now thinking of conducting a similar survey to elucidate the new figure after around two decades. I came across a talk of one responsible man in the Iraqi Ministry of Health a few days a go telling that T2DM is now affecting 15% of Iraqi people in Baghdad.

This disease has a lot of complications; both macrovascular& micro vascular. Also it represents a big psychological and financial burden to the patient, his family& the whole society.

Stress, refined sugar, fast food, sedintary life.... etc are aetiological factors all beside genetics. I think that right now, we are losing our battle against diabetes although so many new drugs to control hyperglycemia have been pushed in the markets.

First thing to decrease the diabetes development, people should change the dietary habit. The main reason is dietary habit and stress from busy daily life.

Thank you very much Yehya A. Salih Arvind Singh Gulzar Shah @ Claire Su-Yeon Park

Regards

tips to help reduce your risk:

Lose excess body fat. Being overweight is a big risk factor for diabetes. ...

Follow a plant-based, low-calorie diet. Eat a variety of fruits and vegetables—a dietary pattern studies show reduces diabetes risk. ...

Drink water. ...

Move your body. ...

Stress less. ...

Sleep well. ...

Keep medical appointments

Physical excercise and diet control is essential

Here are 7 ways to control the Diabetes Mellitus:

* Remove refined carbohydrates from the diet

* Eat low glycaemic foods

* Avoid smoking

* Avoid stress

* Consume probiotics

* Get adequate sleep

* Substitute sugar with natural sweeteners

Acceptance of lazy and irregular lifestyle and dependence on processed foods, high calorie foods, alcohol and chemical drinks are the main reasons for such rapid increase of diabetic persons.

Condition will further deteriorate in the coming days.

Thanks.

Community-based Case management Services for the older adults will be able to reduce the production generations' social burden to care for the older adults.

Public awareness on the followings might help:

1. Lifestyle modification through exercise to control weight should be encouraged.

2. Diets from natural sources should be encouraged than synthetic.

3. Adherence to medication plus 1 and 2 above for those already having the ailment.

Yes, very good discussion. Surly Diabetes become more lethal than the nuclear bomb!!

Diabetes can be treated and its consequences avoided or delayed with diet, physical activity, medication and regular screening and treatment for complications.

Change in lifestyle and food intake among others would help in reducing the incidence of diabetes

Overestimated numbers, require novel methods for estimation.

The international organisation like WHO should collerabrate with the global world how to debate this disease. we should foccus on the researches of the natural plant product for treatment.

It is a product of our present modern lifestyle eating habits and lack of exercises.

There is not doubt the incidence is on the increase. We need to focus in the preventive strategies for the disease rather than the curative strategies alone. Of course, prevention is better than cure. We have successfully identify a nutritional strategy to help in this direction. The food is one of the several diets yet to be identified that is unconsciously consumed by human preventing diabetics. Please refer to this article: Article Preadministration of Fermented Sorghum Diet Provides Protect...

FOLLOW REGULAR LIFESTYLE, EAT NATURAL FOOD AND PERFORM REGULAR PHYSICAL EXERCISE.

Kito dite

Dear Sikandar. You are raising a good question. I think there are several factors for the change: (1) changes in the lifestyle, and eating habits. Even in developing countries people are eating more fast foods and moving to the Western style of food, and are less exercising, (2) the BMI in the majority of people in a community is shifting to figures around 30 and above in parallel with the increases in the incidences of type 2 diabetes. (3) People living in developing countries inherited genes from their parents that are not matching with the changes in metabolism. Parents used to eat little meat (something like once a week or once in a fortnight). These days people eat meat 3-5 times in a weak, and fewer vegetables such changes in dietary habits are not associated with proper genes and metabolic control, and (4) advances in healthcare systems and advances in medical and laboratory services, enabling us to diagnose more cases. Such facilities were not available in most countries 50 or 60 years ago.