Hi Alireza,

Gondwana comprises Australia, New Zealand and New Guinea, South America, Africa+Arabian peninsula, Antarctica, and India/Sri Lanka. In Australia/New Guinea, the famous "Wallace's Line" separates the divide between what might now considered a Laurasian and Gondwanan fauna and flora. No matter where you go, the divide between northern/southern faunas blur as South America meets North America; Africa meets Europe+Asia; India meets Asia; and Australia meets SE Asia. Thus, "Gondwanan" countries are often thought of those further south: Chile, Argentina, South Africa, southern Australia, and New Zealand. If you have a taxon with a distribution like that, then it's reasonable to make a Gondwanan origin hypothesis. There are many examples, but a recent one of mine was my tribe Podotarsonemini, which we hypothesised had a Gondwanan origin.

In a broader sense, you could include all countries of South America, subcontinental Asia, sub-Saharan Africa, and New Guinea+Australia+New Zealand. If trends are strong then they should be found with that broad definition.

Best wishes, Owen.

Dear Owen

Thanks a lot for your helpful information.

Gondwana also called Gondwanaland was an ancient super-continent that broke up about 180 million years ago. Gondwana included most of the landmasses which make up today's continents of the southern hemisphere, including Africa, South America, Australia, Antarctica, the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Peninsula.

https://www.livescience.com/37285-gondwana.html

Very useful information! Thank you.

Thanks Arvind.