Different studies use different approaches and conceptualize empathy in different ways, so you really have to go on a case by case basis. Even more so, many studies do not make correct distinctions between empathy, sympathy, and compassion. Empathy ("I feel how you feel"), sympathy ("I know how you feel"), and compassion ("I know how you feel and I am willing to do something about it") are very different constructs, but often used interchangeably or diffusely. One can assume that empathy can only arise from perspective taking, because otherwise it would be a mimikry of feelings while being blind to the causes. Yet, authors might still have different conceptualizations in different studies, so always make sure to check.

tldr: People realize that empathy includes perspective taking, but confuse other aspects in the meantime.

yeah empathy is complicated.

I do not agree that empathy is complicated because empathy is a capacity the same as love you either have it or you don't

It is a common thing in the field of psychology where people are trying to learn empathy to become better leaders and that is just impossible you cannot learn empathy however you can learn to become more sympathetic if that is possible and gain compassion but empathy is not something that you can learn but don't tell all the psychologists that because as long as they're making money they will charge you plenty and try to teach you we're initially they know it is a capacity