You did not define the impact effect clearly. Do you mean the improvement of SCM to the packing density? The so called filler effect should never be understood as that the SCM particles fill in the space among cement particles. When the SCM particle are much finer than cement, they can pack between the larger cement particles, and help to achieve higher packing density. It also worth noting that as densities of most SCMs are lower than cement, the equal-weight replacement always result in a lower initial capillary porosity. The filler effect should also include chemical issues. As the SCM particles supply more nucleation sites for cement hydrates, the early hydration of cement can be accelerated, just as the SCMs have not been activated, the early hydration process, when indexed by heat releasing or strength, is retarded somewhat (Silica fume inclusive).
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