Microorganisms play crucial roles in both plant adaptation to climate change for sustainable agriculture and in the greenhouse gas crisis. In sustainable agriculture, microorganisms contribute to plant adaptation by enhancing stress tolerance. Certain soil bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi form beneficial symbiotic relationships with plants, aiding in nutrient uptake, particularly phosphorus and nitrogen, which can be limited in changing climate conditions. These microorganisms also produce compounds that help plants cope with environmental stresses such as drought, heat, and salinity. Additionally, they can enhance soil structure and fertility, improving water retention and aeration, critical for plant growth in a changing climate.

In the context of the greenhouse gas crisis, microorganisms are central players. Methane-producing archaea and sulfate-reducing bacteria generate methane and hydrogen sulfide, both potent greenhouse gases, in anaerobic environments. Additionally, microbial decomposition of organic matter releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. However, microorganisms also offer potential solutions. Some microbes can consume methane, mitigating its release, while others can promote carbon sequestration by converting atmospheric CO2 into organic matter, aiding in climate change mitigation. Overall, understanding the complex interplay between microorganisms, plants, and the environment is vital for addressing both sustainable agriculture in a changing climate and mitigating the greenhouse gas crisis.

Dr Gaurav H Tandon thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Microbes indirectly consist the CO2 emission .more the microbes in soil,greater will be productivity .greater the productivity more will be the reductions in the level of CO2 therefore we must enrich The soil microbed

Dr Murugan Thirumalai thank you for your contribution to the discussion

Beneficial microorganisms found in the plant environment have numerous benefits to the plant ecosystem, including nutrient fixation and solubilization, stress management, phytohormone production, plant phenology, improved yield, and many other positive effects. Under these circumstances, sustainability in crop productions cannot be attained without the sustaining role of the microbial populations in soil. Microbes perform multiple functions of supplying nutrients; controlling diseases, insects, nematodes, and weeds; and recycling by waste degradation. Microbes are involved in many processes, including the carbon and nitrogen cycles, and are responsible for both using and producing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. Microbes can have positive and negative responses to temperature, making them an important component of climate change models. Microbes are responsible for both production and destruction of foodstuffs and are a key element in reducing waste from spoilage. Some microorganisms can degrade plastics, toxins, and agricultural waste, but some convert excess fertilizer to nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas. Some of the commonly promoted and used beneficial microorganisms in agriculture worldwide include Rhizobia, Mycorrhizae, Azospirillum, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Trichoderma, Streptomyces species and many more. Effective Microorganisms are mixed cultures of beneficial naturally-occurring organisms that can be applied as inoculants to increase the microbial diversity of soil ecosystem. They consist mainly of the photosynthesizing bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, actinomycetes and fermenting fungi. Microorganisms have several vital roles in ecosystems: decomposition, oxygen production, evolution, and symbiotic relationships. Decomposition is where dead animal or plant matter is broken down into more basic molecules. Adaptation involves gradual modifications of microorganisms in a stressful environment to enhance their tolerance. During adaptation, microorganisms use different mechanisms to enhance non-preferred substrate utilization and stress tolerance, thereby improving their ability to adapt for growth and survival. Microbes play an important role in climate because they release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere when they eat. Bacteria and their main predators, protists, account for more than 40 times the biomass of all animals on Earth. As a result, they have a huge effect on carbon dioxide emissions. In their most obvious role in energy conversion, microorganisms can generate fuels, including ethanol, hydrogen, methane, lipids, and butanol, which can be burned to produce energy. Alternatively, bacteria can be put to use in microbial fuel cells, where they carry out the direct conversion of biomass into electricity.

Microorganisms play a crucial role in plant adaptation towards climate change in sustainable agriculture. They facilitate the nutrient cycling and provide plants with essential nutrients, which helps plants to survive in harsh environmental conditions. Microbes also help in increasing plant tolerance to drought, temperature fluctuations, and salinity stress.

Microbes are also essential in mitigating the greenhouse gas crisis. They play a crucial role in the carbon cycle by decomposing organic matter and releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. However, some microbes consume atmospheric carbon dioxide and convert it into organic matter, which helps in sequestering carbon in soils. Microbes also contribute to the nitrogen cycle by converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form that is usable by plants, which helps reduce nitrous oxide emissions from fertilizer and animal waste.

In conclusion, microorganisms play a significant role in sustainable agriculture and greenhouse gas mitigation. The understanding and management of microbial populations are crucial for improving food security, reducing environmental degradation, and mitigating climate change.

Dr Jeffrey Okundi thank you for your contribution to the discussion

The microbes that live in the rhizosphere soil interact with plants and bring beneficial effect to the host plants. In plant-microbial interactions, plants release root exudates to attract mutualistic microbes which could improve plant functions such as nutrient uptake, yield, stress resistance, etc. Microorganisms are an important element in modeling sustainable agriculture. Their role in soil fertility and health is crucial in maintaining plants' growth, development, and yield. Further, microorganisms impact agriculture negatively through disease and emerging diseases. Microbes are involved in many processes, including the carbon and nitrogen cycles, and are responsible for both using and producing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. Microbes can have positive and negative responses to temperature, making them an important component of climate change models. Soil microbes are essential to carbon sequestration. Certain bacteria and algae convert carbon dioxide into organic matter, which is then stored in the soil. This helps remove excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, mitigating the effects of global warming.Microbes are responsible for both production and destruction of foodstuffs and are a key element in reducing waste from spoilage. Some microorganisms can degrade plastics, toxins, and agricultural waste, but some convert excess fertilizer to nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas. Some of the commonly promoted and used beneficial microorganisms in agriculture worldwide include Rhizobia, Mycorrhizae, Azospirillum, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Trichoderma, Streptomyces species and many more. Plant growth-promoting microorganisms (PGPMs) have been used extensively in traditional agriculture to enhance plant growth, environmental stress tolerance, and the efficacy of phytoremediation in soil-based farming. Microbes play an important role in climate because they release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere when they eat. Bacteria and their main predators, protists, account for more than 40 times the biomass of all animals on Earth. As a result, they have a huge effect on carbon dioxide emissions. Microorganisms in terrestrial, urban, and aquatic environments consume and generate important greenhouse gases, CO2, CH4, and N2O. Terrestrial microbes decompose organic matter, providing nutrients for plants and producing these three gases. Microbes in aquatic and terrestrial environments produce and consume the greenhouse gases CO2, CH4 and N2O. Soil and aquatic microbes produce these gases when decomposing organic matter to provide nutrients for plants and marine life, respectively.