Dear, Dr. Rk Naresh

Microorganisms play significant roles in alleviating abiotic stress conditions affecting plant growth and increasing soil fertility. These roles are critical for maintaining healthy plant ecosystems and sustainable agriculture. Here's an overview of their contributions:

Alleviating Abiotic Stress Conditions Affecting Plant Growth:

Increasing Soil Fertility:

Microorganisms have the potential to improve plant growth under abiotic stress conditions by promoting the production of low-molecular-weight osmolytes, such as glycinebetaine, proline, and other amino acids, mineral phosphate solubilization, nitrogen fixation, organic acids, and producing key enzymes. Several root associated microbes produce cytokinin (CK), gibberellin (GB), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA), which helps plants to cope with stress by improving its antioxidant potential, by up-regulation of the antioxidant system and by accumulation of compatible osmolytes. These stress-tolerant microorganisms play an effective role against abiotic stresses by enhancing the antioxidant potential, improving nutrient acquisition, regulating the production of plant hormones, ACC deaminase, siderophore and exopolysaccharides and accumulating osmoprotectants and, thus, stimulating plant. Microbes have the potential to provide manifold attributes of the system, embracing indispensable purposes as follows: (1) seed germination, growth, and development through hormone production; (2) nutrient supply like nitrogen fixation, mobilizing phosphorus, and minerals availability. Microorganisms can convert toxic elements into water, carbon dioxide, and other less toxic compounds, which are further degraded by other microbes in a process referred to as mineralization. Living organisms show responses to changes in abiotic factors in several ways depending on the duration of unfavorable conditions. Organisms show responses such as migration and suspension if unfavorable conditions are present for a shorter duration. Without microbes, the earth would be filled with corpses. Bacteria break down (or decompose) dead organisms, animal waste, and plant litter to obtain nutrients. Microorganisms help in cleaning up the environment. They decompose dead and decaying matter from plants and animals; convert them into simpler substances which are later used up by other plants and animals. Thus, they are used to breakdown harmful substances. Microorganisms have several vital roles in ecosystems: decomposition, oxygen production, evolution, and symbiotic relationships. Decomposition is where dead animal or plant matter is broken down into more basic molecules. This process only happens because of the microorganisms that find their way into the dead matter. Soil microorganisms are responsible for most of the nutrient release from organic matter. When microorganisms decompose organic matter, they use the carbon and nutrients in the organic matter for their own growth. They release excess nutrients into the soil where they can be taken up by plants. Microbes can make nutrients and minerals in the soil available to plants, produce hormones that spur growth, stimulate the plant immune system and trigger or dampen stress responses. In general a more diverse soil microbiome results in fewer plant diseases and higher yield.