Of course, the detection of antibodies is highly recommended, but in some cases is possible to detect the bacteria in feces and blood culñtures

Widal test

Widal test is used to detect the presence of antibodies in the serum whereas blood and stool culture is also performed routinely to detect salmonella species in suspected cases of typhoid.

The diagnosis was made with positive blood cultures for salmonella.

stool culture only be carried, after a previous episode of salmonellosis.

By examining WIDAL TEST

Doctor is likely to suspect tyohoid fever based on your symptoms and medical and travel history .But the diagnosis is usually confirmed by verying samonella typhi in a culture of your blood or other body fluid or tissue.

In some instances other testing may be used to confirm a suspected typhoid fever infection,such as a test to detect antibodies that check's for typhoid DNA in your blood.

Although performing a culture test is the mainstay for diagnosis. the most sensitive culture,where a small sample of blood ,stool ,urine or bone marrow is placed on a special medium that encourages the growth of bacteria.the culture is then checked under a microscope for the presence of typhoid bacteria.the most sensitive for the diagnosis is bone marrow culture for samonella typhi .

It is possible to use several tests, the first of which is a test based on the presence of antibodies in the blood by widal test , and it is possible to use selective culture media for salmonella bacteria to grow stool. Molecular diagnostics can be used based on the primers for Housekeeping genes

Hi

The clinical presentation such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, fever are important for diagnosis of typhoid fever.

In this condition culture from blood, stool, or bone marrow are the best tests.

Serologic tests such as the Widal test are of limited clinical utility in endemic areas because positive results may represent previous infection.

Clinical and epidemiological suspicion plus blood cultures and stool cultures

The Widal serological test is not available in most European countries and North America

Firstly,Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection that can spread through out the body affecting many organs .without treatment it cause serious complication and can be fatal .

Typhoid fever has a wide variety of clinical symptoms such as

(1)Diarrhea with low grade fever

(2) Fever

(3)Malaise

4)Diffuse abdominal pain

(4)Constipation

(5)Cough

Untreated typhoid fever may progress to delirium,obstruction ,intestinal hemorrhage,bowel perforation,and death within one month of onset .survivors may be left with long term or permanent neuropsychiatric complications.salmonella typhi is caused by a bacterium and is very contagious and can lead to salmonella food poisoning ,ln some one who eats food or drink water that has been contaminated with small amount of infected poo or water if your hands are not properly washed ,they can become infected with bacteria and develop fever.

Typhoid fever is the most common in parts of the world that have poor sanitation and limited access to clean water .world wide ,children are thought to be most at risk of developing typhoid fever.

Typhoid fever is uncommon in UK ,with an estimated cases of 500 cases occuring each year .ln most of these cases ,the person developed infection while visiting Banglandesh,India,or pakistian.But the most people who are risk are people living or visited Asia,Africa,or south American,indian subcibtinent ,south and southeast Asia.That is why is always good to wake details and contact while traveling.

Steps in laboratory testing and reporting salmonella infection .

- infection is diagnosed when a lab tests detect salmonella bacteria in stool ,body tissue or fluids.

The test could be a culture that isolates the bacteria or culture independent diagnostic test (CIDT)that detects genetic material of the bacteria .

-CDC encourages lab to culture specimens with positive CIDT results .this process is called "reflex culturing".

Clinical diagnostic laboratory lab report the results on the doctors should submit salmonella isolates to state public health laboratories for serotyping and DNA finger priting .

-public health laboratories report the results yo CDC 's lab based on enteric disease surveillance and to pulse Net .

- public health laboratories forward unusual serotypes to CDC 's National salmonella reference laboratory .for further characterization or confirmation.

Inclusion widal serolgical test is just a quantitative test ,it is not a true test or method of confirmation of samonella typhi ,it just like rapid diagnostic kit ,is not 95-100% sensitive ,the most sensitive method as l have earlier mentioned is culture ,bone marrow apirate ,DNA serotyping, although some of this method is being practiced in an advanced country .

In an endemic area, it is suspected when there id high continuous fever for more than 5 days usually without cough cold. ( Diarrhoea is not always present). Lab yields high CRP, WBC normal at lower range, Widal test titre more than 160, finally BLOOD CS yields Salmonella. We do Stool CS only to see carrier state, otherwise not usually done.

The clinical diagnosis is stool culture. Running widal test is not always recommended because it is not diagnostic. Widal test is serological and in endemic region of the world most population would always have antibodies against Salmonella. As such, stool culture would give the exact clinical diagnosis