Dr. Naresh, I am going to give a few ideas but generalizing for all developing countries. Improving farm productivity of both smallholder and large farmers and strategies to improve agriculture in India and steps taken by government to improve agricultural marketing.

Specifically looking at the farmers who predominantly produce for the market, I would say we have to start from answering two questions: (1) Do these farmers have assured, reliable and profitable markets for their farm products? (2) Are the farmers making ends meet (break even at the barest minimum) when they sell their farm products? If the answer is NO to both questions, then we have to look at how the Commodity Value Chain business models are operating at the Production Nodes (farmers).

Do we have effective and efficiently functioning Commodity Value Chains with fair and rational business models along the chains?? In most developing countries the weakest LINKS in most Commodity Value Chains are the Farmers, especially Smallholder Farmers. The business models that you find at the Production Nodes are mostly Predatory, especially if Agent Marketing models.

Remember Commodity Value Chains are Consumer Demand-Driven and so the first thing is to make sure the Chains are well Developed and Upgraded to become effective. Concurrently this goes with Linking up the Farmers meaningfully into these upgraded Chains through sustainability-driven "win-win" Inclusive Business Models or their Hybrids at the Production Nodes (at the weakest Link of the Chains). These IBMs have inbuilt incentive mechanisms that include fostering pro-poor Growth Drivers such improved Farm Profitability and Productivity. But they have to be complemented by pro-poor Growth Support from non-market actors like the Government.

Farmers will seek and adopt Technology and Support Services when they are assured of reliable and profitable markets and they expect to break-even at the barest minimum most of the time when there are No Significant Idiosyncratic or Covariate Risks. Rational Expectations are key to getting farmers investing in Yield-Augmenting Technologies and Support Services.

Take for example a model where farmers are engaged in Contract farming and Marketing with Fixed-Price Forward Contracts with reasonable Price Bands. Of course we are talking of Public-Private-Producer Partnerships here for the IBMs to work. Enforcement of Contracts requires the PPPPs to be working properly. Obviously you need Effective Value Chain Drivers whether Domestic or Foreign. You also need viable Farmers' Agency Institutions such as Cooperatives or Farmer-Owned Subsidiary Companies where need be. The List of what is needed to support IBMs to serve farmers and the the modes of pro-poor Growth Support by Non-Market actors cannot be exhausted in this discussion. This is just the tip of the Iceberg I have given you for developing country farmers. After all Farmers in developed countries also benefit A LOT from Non-Market Growth Support. SO why shouldn't farmers in developing countries??

Dr Barnabas Kiiza thank you for your contribution to the discussion

• we can improve the productivity by following these keys:
• Efficient markets.
• Irrigation augmentation and management.
• Agri-credit and crop insurance.
• Adoption of new technologies.
• Enhancement of soil quality.

Thanks Dr. Kavana for the good and specific points you have submitted.

Water is an essential need for planting crops, and by the management of water, you can enhance the production. Water management is the best way to improve production. Using the sprinkler irrigation system, you can increase the output by up to 50%. Water management is the best way to improve productivity. By using a sprinkler irrigation system, you can increase yields by up to 50%. Manufacturing canals provide better irrigation systems to protect crops from tube wells. Productivity is greatly impacted by the soil's helpful elements for plants, such as Zn, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Mo. Plant development and quality are both influenced by the components of the soil. When irrigation water or rainwater penetrates deeper, these factors have a more significant impact on the product.Productivity is greatly impacted by the soil's helpful elements for plants, such as Zn, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, and Mo. Soil fertility is one of the most important factors in crop production. It has the ability to support crop production determined by the entire spectrum of its physical, chemical and biological attributes. For improving the production, land reforms are the first and predominant point. Machines, tractors, and implements do land reforms. These machines have the qualities that make rugged farming areas smooth to work on the field efficiently. There are several ways to enhance agricultural production in India. Improving irrigation facilities, promoting the use of hybrid seeds, encouraging crop diversification, providing access to credit, and investing in agricultural research are some of the key strategies that can help to achieve this goal. The country needs more food by 2030, the cultivation of which requires more water, energy and land. Food has to be grown in a more hostile environment. The challenge is to produce the same or more quantity of food with lower emissions, by changing the practices and methods of production, as well as geographies. Agricultural marketing focuses on grading, packaging, storage, assembly, and distribution. Government has established regulated markets like APMC, Mandis etc. It regulates transport, Storage, minimum support prices etc. Agricultural marketing is a mechanism through which the goods reach different places depending upon the market. It is a process that involves assembling, processing, storage, packaging, transportation, grading, and distribution of various agricultural products across the country.