Dear Burak,

Preventing, detecting and dealing with scientific misconduct is a subject that has been described in many books and publications. The Netherlands Research Integrity Network (NRIN) website (www.nrin.nl) provides interesting links and references to books (see library/non-fiction/books).

Elements such as (i) open communication within research organizations about scientific integrity; (ii) efficient and thorough peer review of publications - including critical evaluation of statistical and methodological aspects; and (iii) clear procedures for dealing with complaints and concerns within research organizations are among the key elements in strategies for combating scientific integrity.

I hope the NRIN website, which is still under construction, provides you with a useful inroad into this important subject.

Hello.

How can falsification be investigated in detail in the scientific publication process review reports (review reports of submitted publication during review process), scientific reports (published), scientific opinions (during research study), etc.?

There are many ways to commit fraud, so the researcher has to look for an adequate way to act about.  Perhaps you firstly should to contact the author/s and discuss it with s/he.  In the case of an illegal copy from the web, and when you are the referee, the best way is to reject the article, and the journal should act accordingly in relation to the author/s.

What should researchers and academics do when they observe falsification (methodology, evidence, etc.) in the scientific publication process review reports, scientific reports, scientific opinions, etc.?

Simple: one must denounce it.

What should researchers and academics do when they observe falsification in any step of publication processes? 

That depends on the circumstances: see my first answer.

Dear researchers and academics;

Thank you very much for your answers and contributions.

I think this subject should be enlarged in scope. I start to think, it is very complicated. Why? Because of some issues such as in these references.

1-) http://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/05/iraq.usa

2-) http://www.accuracy.org/release/colin-powells-infamous-u-n-speech-10-years-later-deceiving-public-ignoring-whistleblowers-led-to-war/

3-) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_and_the_Iraq_War

4-) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legality_of_the_Iraq_War

5-) http://www.hrcr.org/hottopics/Iraq.html

6-) http://edition.cnn.com/2005/POLITICS/03/31/intel.report/index.html

Real world investments are affected by these kinds of reports, presentations, publications and acts.

I would like to thank you in advance for your answers and contributions.

Have a nice day

Best Regards

Dear researchers and academics;

Everyday, new instances, documents and news I read such as this one:

"Simon Capewell, a board member of the Faculty of Public Health, said: ..........."manipulate not just public opinion but policy and political decisions. Its tactics echo those used by the tobacco and alcohol industries" ........(http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/11920984/Coca-Cola-spends-millions-on-research-to-prove-that-fizzy-drinks-dont-make-you-fat.html)

I start to think that the falsification, the manipulation and the speculation are usual and daily routine in the world on these decades.

According to what I read and learn, this is a huge problem for scientific community and for our world.

I would like to thank you in advance for your answers and contributions.

Have a nice day

Best Regards

Dear researchers and academics;

Everyday, new ones we hear, I read this one:

"Tony Blair's Iraq War apology 'a long time coming', says academic plagiarised in 'dodgy dossier' An academic whose work was plagiarised in a document used to help justify the Iraq War says former British prime minister Tony Blair's apology has been a "long time coming" Ibrahim Al Marashi was a student at Oxford University when he wrote a doctoral research paper on the secretive world of Saddam Hussein's rule.

His research was plagiarised by the British government and put into an intelligence dossier which was used to sell the Iraq War in 2003."

http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-26/tony-blair-iraq-war-apology-long-time-coming-ibrahim-al-marashi/6884576

I think that this subject is one of the most important subjects for our world.

I would like to thank you in advance for your answers and contributions.

Have a nice day

Best Regards

Dear researchers and academics;

I realized that falsification, fraud and other improper things are very common in scientific community and literature. Some articles, documents etc:

1-) "Elsevier retracting 16 papers for faked peer review"

http://retractionwatch.com/2014/12/19/elsevier-retracting-16-papers-faked-peer-review/

2-) "Elsevier published 6 fake journals"

http://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/27383/title/Elsevier-published-6-fake-journals/

3-) "Publisher discovers 50 manuscripts involving fake peer reviewers"

http://retractionwatch.com/2014/11/25/publisher-discovers-50-papers-accepted-based-on-fake-peer-reviews/

4-) "Back in November 2014, BioMed Central discovered about 50 manuscripts in their editorial system that involved fake peer reviewers" : http://blog.f1000research.com/2015/04/09/preventing-peer-review-fraud-f1000research-the-f1000-faculty-and-the-crowd/

5-) "Science's Big Scandal"

http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2015/04/fake_peer_review_scientific_journals_publish_fraudulent_plagiarized_or_nonsense.html

6-) "Publishing: The peer-review scam"

http://www.nature.com/news/publishing-the-peer-review-scam-1.16400

There are many cases in the scientific review and publication system.

Everything is very difficult for my research subjects now. The systems that I try to build are fully based on scientific documents and publication. Now I have to find some new methods and approaches and I have to add new steps and stages to my proposed systems. Everything has been getting more and more complicated and fragile. Nothing (science included) is trustworthy in this life and world under these situation and conditions.

I would like to thank you for your answers and contributions.

Have a nice day

Best Regards

Dear researchers and academics;

New findings and cases:

"A 50-Year-Old Case of Industry-Sponsored Nutrition Research a “Smoking Gun,” Writes Marion Nestle" http://steinhardt.nyu.edu/site/ataglance/2016/09/smoking-gun.html

"Sugar Industry and Coronary Heart Disease Research

A Historical Analysis of Internal Industry Documents" http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2548255

I would like to thank you in advance for your answers and contributions.

Have a nice day

Best Regards

Dear researchers and academics;

Some general issue related with the current also:

Very important

"Socio-economic inequality in science is on the rise"

http://www.nature.com/news/socio-economic-inequality-in-science-is-on-the-rise-1.20654

"Is science only for the rich?"

http://www.nature.com/news/is-science-only-for-the-rich-1.20650

"Science’s 1%: How income inequality is getting worse in research"

http://www.nature.com/news/science-s-1-how-income-inequality-is-getting-worse-in-research-1.20651

"End class wars"

http://www.nature.com/news/end-class-wars-1.20619

"Income inequality is cyclical"

http://www.nature.com/news/income-inequality-is-cyclical-1.20618

"Salaries: Reality check"

http://www.nature.com/naturejobs/science/articles/10.1038/nj7621-573a

Have a nice day

Best Regards

Dear researchers and academics;

Very important

Populism is a major problem in science and academic life too.

It is not correct for this life and for sure also afterlife.

There are some articles about "populism".

For instance: "Let's actually do something about populism" http://www.aei.org/publication/its-still-the-economy-stupid-2/?utm_source=paramount&utm_medium=email&utm_content=AEITHISWEEK&utm_campaign=Weekly092416

Have a nice day

Best Regards

Dear researchers and academics;

According to my experiences on academic literature, studies, review processes, universities and real life in almost a decade (very short):

“It’s OK not to know all the answers. It’s better to admit our ignorance, than to believe answers that might be wrong. Pretending to know everything, closes the door to finding out what’s really there.”

― Neil deGrasse Tyson

“Only a few centuries ago, a mere second in cosmic time, we knew nothing of where or when we were. Oblivious to the rest of the cosmos, we inhabited a kind of prison, a tiny universe bounded by a nutshell.

How did we escape from the prison? It was the work of generations of searchers who took five simple rules to heart:

1. Question authority. No idea is true just because someone says so, including me.

2. Think for yourself. Question yourself. Don't believe anything just because you want to. Believing something doesn't make it so.

3. Test ideas by the evidence gained from observation and experiment. If a favorite idea fails a well-designed test, it's wrong. Get over it.

4. Follow the evidence wherever it leads. If you have no evidence, reserve judgment.

And perhaps the most important rule of all...

5. Remember: you could be wrong. Even the best scientists have been wrong about some things. Newton, Einstein, and every other great scientist in history -- they all made mistakes. Of course they did. They were human.

Science is a way to keep from fooling ourselves, and each other.”

― Neil deGrasse Tyson

(https://www.goodreads.com)

These recommendations and points are very appropriate.

Young researchers should be very careful and should learn and change the whole approaches and practices.

Have a nice day

Best Regards

Publons-Global-State-Of-Peer-Review-2018

https://publons.com/community/awards/peer-review-awards-2018/#peer-review-report