Research exploring complexity in organizational leadership is a growing field that examines how leaders navigate dynamic, unpredictable environments (e.g., Systems Thinking, Behavioral Complexity, Adaptive Leadership).
There seems to be no acceptable type of leadership in turbulent times. Research on leadership must continue. However a leader must develop a strong mindset that there is ability in disability despite differences in environment. Continuous training and collaboration are value addition.
In the 2nd edition of our originally acclaimed book "Leading Beyond the Ego" (published by Routledge in July 2024) - see my publications listed on ResearchGate for more details - there is a chapter "Leading in Complex Adaptive Systems" that is dedicated to this subject. For a practical application see the below linked article on the kind of leadership we need in a complex context such as organising supply chain management for a VUCA world at https://linea.net/insights/creating-supply-chains-for-the-future/