Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) commonly known as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) can be performed to analyse the difference in oxidation state. XPS can be performed on almost all elements except hydrogen and helium.
XPS spectrum is a graph between the number of electrons detected versus the binding energy of the electrons detected. Every element produces a characteristic set of XPS peaks at particular binding energy values that directly identify each element that exists in the material being analyzed. These peaks correspond to the electron configuration of the electrons within the atoms, e.g., 1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, and so on.