Hi all, 

I am trying to help a friend here. I know that Electrodermal Activity is correlated with arousal and arousal can be measured by a Galvanic Skin Response Sensor.

How can we measure valence though?

From what I have read so far it seems that EMG sensors are mostly suggested for measuring emotional valence. I would like to avoid EMG sensors as they can be very obtrusive if they are placed on the participant's face.

So what other biosensor can be used in order to measure valence? ECG sensors measuring Heart Rate? It would be nice if you could suggest a paper or an article that clarifies that.

Thank you very much in advance.

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