1. C, H, O, N, S were measured by elemental composition. Why select them? Why not P or another elements?" Can any one help me in answering this question. Thanks a million in advance
Dulong is associated with the classical ultimate analysis formula -- based on these elements -- and these have shown themselves to often provide a reasonable approximation to those derived by calorimeter assessment. It works well for many industrial fuels, but not so well for some non-industrials, e.g., wood, peat, etc. There are other formulas...that work either a bit more broadly and/or are more specialized. Your question would be of special interest, if P (other elements) were significant (re: heat) in the fuels being explored. I am aware of the ultimate formula from past use, but am only roughly aware of current methods, short of direct calometric. You may find useful report by El Andritos, E Zarkadoula, et al. (2013). The heat capacity of matter beyond Dulong-Petit value. Journal of Physics. (I believe a PDF if online).