The energy pebbling game originated as a theoretical computer science concept, but it has several practical real-world applications:

• Most significant application is in cryptography for designing memory-hard functions (MHFs)
• Used in password hashing and cryptocurrency mining
• Makes computational attacks costly by forcing attackers to use significant memory resources

• Helps design proof-of-work algorithms that are ASIC-resistant
• Ensures mining requires both computational power and memory
• Examples include Ethereum's original mining algorithm Ethash

• Used to analyze and develop systems resistant to time-memory trade-off attacks
• Helps create algorithms that require attackers to expend significant energy/resources
• Applied in designing secure password storage systems

• Models help analyze memory-intensive computations
• Assists in optimizing memory hierarchies and data placement
• Can inform decisions about hardware resource allocation

• Used to study space-time trade-offs in parallel computing
• Helps understand memory requirements for distributed systems
• Provides insights for optimizing complex computational workflows

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