Multiplication by a constant (C.X) is a fundamental operation in the linear time invariant (LTI) Systems. The design optimization of C.X leads to the design optimization of the whole system (from a circuit point of view speed/power/area). We proved in a previous work that for an N-bit constant, the upper-bound is equal to (N+1)/r+2^(r-2)-2, where r=2.W[((N+1).log(2))^0.5]/log(2) and W is the Lambert function. I am looking in the literature for a lower bound. This could be available in pure or applied mathematics journals rather than in circuit journals.