Neutrinos have mass, but the Standard Model can't easily account for how they get those masses, but the Standard Model can't easily account for how they get those masses.
https://www.forbes.com/sites/chadorzel/2017/09/28/what-is-the-greatest-wrong-theory-in-physics/#6826c794d2eb
By proposing of the relativity and limit speed of light c, the Newton’s second law was corrected so that the limitation of speed must had applied. And relativistic Newton’s second law was propounded.
After 1906 Einstein have derived the second postulate of special relativity the constancy of the speed of light by assuming that the light quanta that he proposed in 1905 were massless particles.
It is just possible that we could allow m0=0 provided the particle always travels at the speed of light c. In this case above equations will not serve to define and so that for massless particle given by; E=Pc.
What does determine the momentum and energy of a massless particle? Not the mass (that is zero by assumption) not the speed (that is always c). Relativity offers no answer to this question, but curiously enough, quantum mechanics does, in the form of Plank's formula: E=mc2. Only moving photon has mass as follows from the Einstein formula E=mc2. Physicists have not stopped on assumption of massless. There are more attempts were made to clarify the photon massless in theoretical and experimental physics. There are good theoretical reasons to believe that the photon mass should be exactly zero, there is no experimental proof of this belief.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ahep/2013/967805/
These efforts show there is an upper bound on the photon mass, although the amount is very small, but not zero. The tight experimental upper bound of the photon mass restricts the kinematically allowed final states of photon decay to the lightest neutrino and/or particles beyond the Standard Model.
https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.021801
Theories and experiments have not limited to photons and graviton will also be included. For gravity, there have been vigorous debates about even the concept of graviton rest mass.
https://journals.aps.org/rmp/abstract/10.1103/RevModPhys.82.939
Particles and NR-particles: There are two kinds of particles in physics:
1 - Some particles like the photon moves only with the speed of light, in all inertial reference frames. Let’s call these kinds of particles as Never at Rest condition particles (NR-particle).
2 - Other particles like the electron always move with the speed c in all inertial reference frames, they could be called particles.
According to the above definitions, photon and graviton are NR-particle, while electron and proton are particles.
This new approach helps us to review the relativistic Newton’s second law; See Section 5 of:
Beyond the Standard Model : Modern physics problems and solutions
https://www.amazon.com/gp/offer-listing/1939123623
The rest mass of massless particle is zero but the relativistic mass E/c^2 is not zero. The momentum of massless particle is E/c.
Dear Vikram
According to relativity you are right. But it is a great mystery. There is no experimental proof of this belief.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ahep/2013/967805/
These efforts show there is an upper bound on the photon mass, although the amount is very small, but not zero. The tight experimental upper bound of the photon mass restricts the kinematically allowed final states of photon decay to the lightest neutrino and/or particles beyond the Standard Model.
https://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.021801
There is no mystery in the mass. The mystery is in the mathematical equations that are used.
The Higgs boson explains how the particles acquire mass, however, it does not explain how the mass of the particles is calculated.
Hans van Leunen at the origin of the mass says
“The origin of mass is the fact that the homogeneous second order partial differential equation that describes the interaction between a point-like artifact and the continuum that embeds this artifact offers….”
Many mathematical equations but no physical equation that allows us to calculate the mass of the particles.
If it is a question of describing a mechanism that explains the origin of the mass but that does not allow to calculate the value of the mass of the particles, I propose the following one.
The particles without mass are hit by the hammer of Thor with which when braked they acquire mass. Since Thor has three hammers, the particles are grouped in threes. Three neutrinos, electron, muon and tauon, ... .. For each group there is a common mass and three constants to be determined experimentally
Now, if it is a mechanism that explains the origin of the mass and that also allows to calculate the value of the mass of the particles, I also have a model.
The mass of the simple or compound particles is due to the energy of the electromagnetic field. This allows us to calculate the mass of the electron, muon, proton, neutron, pion, Higgs boson, ....
Only the speed of light is needed, since the electric charge is the time it takes the particle to turn and can also be calculated. In short, you can calculate, based on the speed of light, the constants that quantum mechanics attributes to chance.
Book Classic 4D Model Of the Discrete Universe C1,C2 and C3
Article Wave–Particle Duality as a Classic Phenomenon
Article Derivation of the Schrodinger Equation from Classical Physics
Article Relation between the Gravitational and Magnetic Fields
Article Space, Time and Energy
http://www.scifed.com/open-access/quantum-universe.pdf
Having mass is having the capability to deform the carrier that embeds the owner of the mass. More deformation means more mass.
Usually a massive particle owns mass, but it is also possible that special types of vibrations own an amount of mass. In order to establish this, the vibration must locally expand the carrier. For example an isotropic point-like artifact deforms the carrier with the volume of the Green's function of the carrier. This is a rather static phenomenon. An isotropic one-shot trigger that immediately vanishes, causes a spherical shock front that integrates into the Green's function of the carrier, but its effect quickly fades away. Still this object temporarily deforms the carrier. Since the amplitude of the front diminishes as 1/r with distance r from the trigger location the integral equals the shape of the Green's function. However, this amplitude never reaches zero. Thus the deformation finally covers the whole extend of the carrier. Otherwise formulated, the phenomenon permanently expands the volume of the whole carrier. As we showed the spherical shock front locally deformed the carrier, but that only occurred temporary.
Only a dense and coherent swarm of isotropic triggers that is recurrently regenerated can establish a significant and persistant deformation of the carrier.
Elementary particles hop around in a stochastic hopping path and that path forms a coherent hop landing location swarm. The location density distribution of the swarm equals the squared modulus of wave function of the elementary particle. Thus the triggers of the spherical shock fronts give mass to the elementary particles.
Important is the fact that also certain kinds of vibrations can own an amount of mass. For example the huge gravitational shock fronts that result from huge cosmic explosions will own an amount of mass.
The event horizon of a spherical black hole has some properties in common with the front of a spherical shock front.
Dear Omar
Spacetime is curved by gravity.
https://www.quora.com/Is-Spacetime-curved-or-gravity-field-is-curved-in-spacetime/answer/Hossein-Javadi-1?srid=F7rA
When gravity acts on photon, the energy of the photon increases and its frequency increases too (or decreases). In red-shift work is negative (frequency decreases) and in blue-shift work is positive (frequency increases). When photon is leaving gravitational field, it shifts to red and when photon is falling it shifts to blue. When light is moving in space that there is no gravitational effect, the path of light is linear. Now suppose light is moving in gravitational field of a massive body. Gravity works on it.
Light in gravitational field
If movements in the space are without any gravitational effects, photons move linearly with the speed of c (top of Figure). But space is full of gravitons. So, photons’ paths are like the right side of Figure.
See figure:
Left side of figure shows that a photon is moving in a gravitational field of a massive body.
In point A, the photon has the speed c, frequency v and energy E that reaches to point A. Gravitational field acts on the photon, some gravitons enter the structure of the photon. Photon accelerates toward the massive body. Its frequency, energy and speed increase.
In point B, the photon has a frequency v1, energy E1 and speed of c1. During the time that photon is falling, the distance between the photon and body decreases, until it reaches the point G. In point G frequency, speed and energy are maximum for this photon. When photon reaches point F’, it is the same as point F, and so on. In point A', it is the same as point A.
The behavior of photons and gravitational fields is the same as spring and objects. On the left side of above figure, when a photon is falling, it shifts to blue and the gravity force converts into energy. When photon is escaping from a massive body it shifts to red and energy converts to gravity force.
A point-like trigger like the landing in the hopping path of an elementary particle causes a spherical shock front in the carrier. That front integrates into the volume of the Green's function. Locally the volume adds to the carrier, but it quickly spreads over the full extent of the carrier. So it expands the carrier but the local deformation quickly fades away. Only recurrent hopping such that the shock fronts overlap can cause persistent deformation.
Article An Explanation of Gravitation
Dear Eugene, Yes and we go to the tale of the egg and the hen. There are no gravitational field is there is no mass. How a mass produce it?
Omar, the story that tells the origin of mass is rather simple. At least one type of excitation of the field does the trick. It adds a tiny volume to the field. That volume locally deforms the field but the deformation quickly fades away. The volume spreads over the field. The field can be represented by a function. The added volume increases the distance between the function value and its parameter space. This happens in the spatial part of the parameter space. See the reference above for more detailed explanation.
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