How the xrd values effect the medium , bulk and nano powders in the zinc oxide .
Dear friend Shaik Azad Basha
The XRD patterns of zinc oxide (ZnO) powders can vary depending on their particle size and morphology. As the particle size decreases, the diffraction peaks become broader and shift to lower angles due to the increased surface area-to-volume ratio, strain, and defects. In addition, the peak intensities may also change due to the differences in particle size, surface area, and crystalline quality.
Generally, the XRD pattern of bulk ZnO powder exhibits well-defined and sharp peaks corresponding to its hexagonal wurtzite structure (JCPDS card no. 36-1451). The diffraction peaks of ZnO nano-powders are broadened and shifted towards lower angles due to the reduced crystallite size and increased lattice strain. The XRD pattern of ZnO powders with a medium particle size falls in between that of bulk and nano-powders.
Here are some references that discuss the effect of particle size on the XRD patterns of ZnO:
1. J. H. Lee, J. H. Kim, S. J. An, J. H. Jeong, J. W. Jeong, and H. J. Kim, "Size effect on the structural and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized at low temperature," Bull. Korean Chem. Soc., vol. 33, pp. 3507-3512, 2012.
2. M. Zahedifar, R. Azimirad, and M. H. Sheikhi, "Effect of synthesis temperature on structural and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles," J. Alloys Compd., vol. 509, pp. 3072-3076, 2011.
3. A. M. Alshehri, M. J. Khan, and A. A. Ismail, "Effect of particle size on the structural and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel method," Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., vol. 7, pp. 12404-12413, 2012.
4. S. V. Prabhakar, S. Venugopal Reddy, and K. H. Reddy, "Effect of particle size on the structural and optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation method," J. Mater. Sci.: Mater. Electron., vol. 25, pp. 2319-2326, 2014.
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