So interesting discussion and valuable advises on a leading scientific research area.

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Increase in the variability of rainfall is one of the most challenging issues related to global warming.

Even with the transformation of the energy system reducing present day massive greenhouse gas emissions will take generations for the climate to normalize to pre fossil fuel levels and sequestration will need to increase to get that result.

Natural sequestration from increased activity of the global plant community can work together with targeting soil improvement through our agriculture, forestry and other methods to enhance the resolution of these issues.

Soil organic matter in our agricultural lands have largely been compromised which in turn compromises our water system.

By targeting the soil we can address the need for sequestration to be combined with a transformation of our energy system by transition to a renewable energy system as we target building our soil organic matter which will conserve and build our water resources.

100 units of dry soil at 1% or less soil organic matter can retain less than 30 units of rain water while at 5% soil organic matter the water capacity is over 200 units of rain water. The ability to multiply our water capacity will at the same time counteract rather than contribute to global warming. This is all based on technology which is proven and needs no new scientific advancements.

Our globe is awash with solar renewable energy resource but our water is more limiting to our capacity to support our food and future.

From my opinion we can quantify the impacts of global warming to the freshwater source as follows:

Considering the impurity and reserves of the water source is a function F.

F =f(x1,x2,x3,x4...xn) where

x1: Increase of sea water level. The increase of water level causes the cavitation of saline in the sweet water e.g. River, underground water, mangroves

x2: Variation of environment of water dependent creatures: Bacteria, Plankton, see weed. This causes the invasion of harmful creatures, affecting freshwater

x3: Variation of the weather phenomena and seasons, this will cause the change of ecology and habit of animals and effecting to freshwater. The decrease of rainfall affects directly the water reserves.

ect... Please add further parameters for this.

now we have to access the sensitivity of each parameters to the F, moreover, the parameters not dependent, they correlate to each other. The impact of each parameter above to the freshwater, depends on the sensitivity of the parameter on the model F. The correlation of these parameters should be also assessed simultaneously.

The hydrologic water cycle is being affected drastically by global climate change. Precipitation ( in the form or rain or snow) can be massive in terms of volume and intense, in terms of amount of water discharged per hour. When the land is not covered by vegetation water runs off eroding the soil, rather than infiltrating into it, leading to desertification and loss of biodiversity. The world geography is changing quickly, due to global climate change and its effects upon biogeochemical cycles, which includes the cycling of water.

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So interesting discussion and valuable advises on a leading scientific research area.

Following

The best places to start with both issues are the IPCC reports, which review all the credible science on water resources and biodiversity, and are fairly easy to read. The IPCC AR5 Working Group II report gets you to 2013 (free online at: https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/ ) and the Special Report on warming of 1.5 degrees gets you to 2018, but from a narrower perspective (https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ ).

It's a good perception and question. We know that the water in planet can't disappear. So, it's moving for other locations. Here in Brazil, we have a special ecosystem called "Pantanal" that the most know characteristic is the flood in many months of the year. A lot of species depends and migrates for these areas in this periods to survive and reproduce. Researches must be done to estimate how the impact of climate change can affect negativity these areas because it depends directly of the flood and in a worst scenario can change the entire ecosystem.

I recommend few references probably information supported:

1) Walthers et al 2002 Nature 416:389-395

2) Woodward et al 2010 Transactions of the royal society of London 1978: 125-131

3) McKnight et al 1996 Limnolgy and Oceanography 41 (special issue):815-1149

4) Vincent W.F., 2010 A derivative of Encyclopedia of Inland Waters (G.E. Likens ed.)Academic Press, 65-70

Algunos teóricos plantean el cambio en el ciclo del agua, en consecuencia modificaciones en las lluvias, que se acentúan por distintas variables ( presencia de árboles, humedad, evaporación ) que afectan la oferta de agua dulce, que en promedio sigue siendo la misma en el planeta.

Además los polos se están descongelan,do, lo que afecta esta oferta de agua dulce.Sugiero el texto "la catástrofe que viene" escrito por Elizabeth Kolbert

Focusing on freshwater fish I attempted to summarise the impact and policy response issues in the attached article. Considering current emission trajectories, I think that prospects for biodiversity are considerably more serious than most formal assessments suggest.

I think that the most relevant parameter is warmin impact on metabolic and reproduction traits

Each of the mentioned factors is relevant and there are even more the point is practical priority aimed at financial cost for anthropogenic involvement

Freshwater resources are highly dependent on upstream and geo valuables (includes hydrologic supplies, sediment and minerals, plankton, etc.). With the regime shift in atmospheric system which is associated with more peculiar atmospheric disturbances, the soil erosion, drought, siltation and drastic changes on fluvial plains impact on freshwater resources dynamics. This cascades on freshwater biodiversity (and eventually marine) where many species have to resist or adapt ecosystem challenge (others being displaced, leave or simply die out) in the changing environment.

The global warming is the major issue to one and all countries. because, day by rise the temperature is very dangerous to all organisms on earth. Freshwater biodiversity also involve in it. Many organisms (small or large) are badly effected. Some species of organisms are adapt these changes (natural selection), but large part may be disappeared due change the suitable environmental conditions. the organisms are left the also change their progeny. its reality because greediness of man is the major cause to global warming. its not only a discussion topic, its also alarming time to preserve the environment.

The discussion above confirms the following thesis that global warming has a great impact on freshwater resources and biodiversity on Earth.

In the context of this thesis, the following questions arise that may be the basis for conducting scientific research in this field:

- The development of what technologies will best help protect fresh water resources and biodiversity on Earth?

- Will technological development allow the creation of technologies that will enable the protection of fresh water resources in the future despite the emerging climate disasters associated with drought and drying of more and more areas of land, including green areas?

What do you think about this topic?

Do you agree with me on the above?

Please reply

with regard to freshwater bodies a line of thinking is to enhance water exchange which is shortning the water retention time

One of the most limiting issues in the terrestrial planetary surface is periodic lack of sufficient water or drought. The majority of the earth water is saline which is not immediately available for most primary producing plants.

Another serious issue the eutrophication of fresh water resources by nutrients and pollutants. The major losses of top soil can foul the fresh water and debilitate the productive capacity. Our global agriculture needs to be transformed to direct at a conclusive control of soil erosion but also development of soil resources to address the issues of climate change adaptation and mitigation.

One of the ways to address these needs is to focus the agriculture and forestry on conserving and increasing soil organic matter and health.

Our cultivated soils globally once were all over 5% soil organic matter and the cultivation techniques are diminished with most now being less than 2%. At 1% soil organic matter 100 units of dry soil can absorb and provide less than 30 unites of water. When soil organic matter is increased to 5% or more the same 100 unites of dry soil can absorb and provide over 200 units of water.

What this factoid projects is the ability of a focus on soil organic matter to help resolve issues with periodic droughts and to improve the cycling of water needed for planetary productivity.

From the start of photosynthesis oxidized carbon as carbon dioxide becomes hydrated to produce the planetary energy engine. Subsequently the soil water dynamic is largely governed by our ability to manage soil organic carbon in the form of soil organic matter.

Soil organic matter is useful in addressing issues of water, excess soluble nutrient, and toxicity.

The last winter of the 2019-2020 season was the warmest in the country in which I operate, in Poland since the beginning of meteorological measurements, i.e. for over 100 years. At the same time, it was the driest winter, therefore the level of rivers and ponds is extremely low. This means, inter alia, an increase in the scale of drought in green areas, including forests, and, consequently, also an increase in the scale of forest fires. Therefore, it is urgent to improve forest fire protection techniques to protect natural biodiversity as well as natural sources of oxygen and CO2 absorption, which is also important in the context of greenhouse gas emissions and the ongoing global warming process. Therefore, it is urgent to improve rainwater collection techniques.

What is your opinion on this topic?

Please reply.

I invite you to discussion and scientific cooperation.

Thank you very much.

Regards,

Dariusz Prokopowicz

Global warming initiated a statement from a Canadian scientist who claimed Precipitation regime is unpredictable. My own experience gave me a good reason to accept it. Regional (Kinneret watershed) climate change confirmed air and consequently water temperature increase. Nevertheless, precipitations regime was highly fluctuated and thoroughly confused hydrological managers. The most cleaver response is management flexibility, and this my recommendation.

The impact of global warming in water habitat (both fresh water and brackish water) is the impact on food webs through a reduction of abundance and distribution of phytoplankton and zooplankton that sustain the whole aquatic community. Acidification of the oceans and its effects on the health of coral reefs in various regions around the world appears to have become another tangible cause of global warming.

Global warming is not necessarily accompanied by phytoplankton scarcity it quite often initiate the opposite - enhancement of phytoplankton biomass but not always by favored species.