Moving from the details and architectural elements to the urban form and public space up to the entire city, architects have identified three trends (the details, the architecture, and the urban form) of Islamic architecture and urbanism.

- Lu, Peter J., and Paul J. Steinhardt. "Decagonal and quasi-crystalline tilings in medieval Islamic architecture." science 315, no. 5815 (2007): 1106-1110.

- Hillenbrand, Robert. Islamic architecture: Form, function, and meaning. Columbia University Press, 2004.

- Hakim, Besim Selim. Arabic Islamic Cities Rev: Building and Planning Principles. Routledge, 2013.

- Hourani, Albert H. "The Islamic city in the light of recent research." In The Islamic city. A colloquium, pp. 9-24. 1970.

I am afraid that your question is unclear to me and this might be why you have no other answers. Can you try to phrase it differently?

Dear Bryan,

Many thanks for your attention .

Actually ,I mean, there are different approaches to architectural designers as a result of their effect in various architectural schools,as (traditional, modern etc.)

So do these architectural trends have changed the identity of the holy city?

Regards

Dear Dr Dhirgham,

thanks , Basically I used the same references you mention it.

Please,what is your opinion about the effect on the identity of the city ?

regards

Dhirgham Alobaydi

The effect of architectural designers' trends of holy cities is (of course ) traditional approaches.

I agree with Ihsan Jasim; in addition, the trend of policy-makers (architects, urban designers, and planners) that will put the guidelines and regulations adopted from the developers to influence the city identity. In few words the experts of the public policy studies.

Dhirgham Alobaydi

That is a good idea as well as the guidelines and regulations not enough without the system to implement it. it will be as ink on paper.

regards

Decisive factor is the society, because his interests and preferences are pressuring decision makers to transform plans into reality

The first responsible is community, because the institutions that manage the planning process are all subject to the control and influence of society,Especially in democratic countries.

I think there is certainly a traditional approach. But the effect of space-time is more important. I refer specifically to the societal values and then to the reflective thought from society in the product of architecture as images.

Dear Dr Ihsan,

yes the first responsible is community for the

designers' trends on the identification of holy cities,

but what about the effect and the role of decision makers ??

regards

Ihsan Jasim

Dear Rabee,

Thanks for your reply.

Actually I agree with especially on the point Space-Time which will reflect the identity of the city .

regards

Rabee Jameel Al-Shammari