Today's digital design or communication world is lame except multiplexer or multiplexing. I couldn't get any definite official resource stating the design/principle for the first time.
Multiplexing was initially developed for telegraphy, and later telephony, originally by Jean-Maurice-Émile Baudot, 1870, patented 1874. So you have to go way back, and it looks like the earliest research papers were in German (common back then). The article below has an extensive list of references.
http://sweet.ua.pt/pjf/PDF/Ferreira2011g.pdf
Looks like an early article was by "anonymous":
[32] Anonymous, On the synchronous-multiplex telegraph, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 21(114) (1883), pp. 326–328