What is a "logic" being applied to in "a philosophy of science"?

Is it being applied to:

--a sentence?

--an inference?

--a text?

--a book?

--a theory?

--a discourse or debate?

--all of the above?

Johan van Bentham, The Logical Study of Science, p. 435.

Site reference:

https://www.princeton.edu/~hhalvors/teaching/phi520_s2015/vanbenthem1982.pdf

Dennis

Dennis Mazur