One factor to look for is wind direction. Your local weather station can provide that data. Air-borne pesticide residues can be carried by wind to bee hives. Know the wind direction and when to spray.

This depends on many factors:

Type of pesticides

Formulation of pesticides

Waiting period

Safety of pesticides to honeybees

pesticide group (OPs, carbamate, pyrethoids)

Environmental conditions.

vegetation land and crop types (flowered or not)

and many others

I think that the most important factor is the pesticide properties, in particular its life time

One can confine honeybees to the hive for one or two days to avoid direct effect of pesticides on bees if provided sugar syrup. The effect of pesticide is less on bees as the direct contact of pesticide at the time of spray or application is prevented by confining bees to the hive.Further the toxicity depends on the type of formulation and properties of pesticide.An understanding and coordination between beekeepers and farmers who spray is required to protect bees from pesticide poisoning