Dear doctor

An Effectuation Measure of Entrepreneurial Intent Dave Valliere

The 6th Indonesia International Conference on Innovation, Entrepreneurship and Small Business, 12 – 14 August 2014

Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 169 ( 2015 ) 131 – 142

" Precursors to entrepreneurial intent Because the existence of entrepreneurs is considered so important to the growth and development of economies, and the question of why only some people are able to spot opportunities and are willing to act upon them is still so poorly understood, a considerable stream of research has emerged into the potential precursors of entrepreneurial intent in individuals. Brenner et al. (1991) suggested a simple expectations rationale for entrepreneurship, whereby individuals choose this career path based on their expectations of outcomes. They found support for eight specific outcomes to motivate entrepreneurial behaviour of individuals: freedom to work your own methods, feelings of accomplishment, intellectual stimulation, performing a wide variety of activities, being respected by others, having opportunity for advancement, being rewarded for performances, and working with congenial associates. These findings indicate a range of individual and social factors as supportive of entrepreneurial intent. Theorists identified Ajzen’s theory of reasoned action and theory of planned behaviour (Ajzen 1987; Ajzen 1991) as a useful explanatory mechanism for these results. According to this view, beliefs shape the formation of attitudes towards any prospective behaviour, these attitudes drive the formation of intent to perform the behaviour, and the intent causes the individual to act. Shapero (1982) applied this theoretical perspective to the specific question of entrepreneurial intent, arguing that it was created by the perceived desireability of entrepreneurship, the perceived feasibility of acting entrepreneurially, and some individual propensity to act – a perspective that was empirically validated by Krueger (1993). Davidson (1995) argued further that that connection between attitudes and intent was mediated by some sense of conviction, the instrumental belief that entrepreneurship is personally suitable for the individual in question. Chen et al. (1998) expanded the conception of perceived feasibility by introducing the concept of entrepreneurial self-efficacy – belief in one’s own abilities on dimensions relevant to entrepreneurial success (i.e., marketing, innovation, management, risk-taking, and financial control). Krueger et al. (2000) found good empirical support for an expanded model in which perceived desireability is driven by expectations of outcomes, and perceived feasibility is driven by perceived entrepreneurial self-efficacy. Further refinement to this model have included the effects of individual psychological traits and characteristics on attitudes (Luthje and Franke 2003; Shook, Priem et al. 2003), the moderating effects of situational variables like family context (Kennedy, Drennan et al. 2003), the effects that instrumental readiness (i.e., resources and family support) has on feasibility (Kristiansen and Indarti 2004), and the role of mentors on perceived desireability (Van Auken, Fry et al. 2006). Education and family experience have been found to be particularly influential on the emergence of positive attitudes towards entrepreneurship (Carr and Sequeira 2007; Souitaris, Zerbinati et al. 2007).

Measuring entrepreneurial intent Despite this significant stream of research into entrepreneurial intent, it remains a loosely defined construct in the literature. As Thompson (2009) points out, it has been used to describe such varied perspectives as career orientation, vocational aspirations, outlook on self-employment, and the desire to own a business. The variety of operationalizations used in recent research reflects this conceptual looseness, particularly when framed in the context of the theory of planned behaviour that underlies our current best understanding of precursors to entrepreneurial intent (i.e., beliefs, attitudes, intentions, and actions). Recent studies have used measures of attitudes (assessing personal and social norms and desires), of behaviour (assessing performed actions), of future expectations (assessing likely outcomes without reference to personal agency), or even combinations of all three. These operationalizations represent a potentially serious methodological weakness, as theory suggests that these factors are antecedents or consequences of entrepreneurial intent, and therefore only partially correlated with it. Only a relative minority of studies have included direct measures of intention in their operationalizations. Table 1 provides a representative summary of the ways in which entrepreneurial intent has been operationalized in previous research, indicating the potential scope of the problem.

https://jonathannewton.net/wp-content/uploads/CIandGTweb.pdf

By carefully separating (a) the content of intentions, and (b) the holders of intentions, we can describe both individual and collective intentions independently of (i) the beliefs of any individual about the intentions held by any other individual and (ii) the deliberative process by which the intentions are formed. This facilitates their use as objects of analysis in game theory, the formal study of strategic interaction.

(Citation from the source).

With reference to your list, dear Joseph A Sprute , game theory can underpin the empirics of intent as per formal modeling, imo.

The empirics underpinning "intent" involve linguistic analysis, communication theory, behavioral psychology, natural language processing (NLP), user intent analysis, AI intent recognition, ethical considerations, and market research. Understanding intent is crucial for interpreting human behavior, language, and designing intelligent systems that respond appropriately to user needs.

Sundus. what comes to mind is the priori of "HEALTH" applied strategically: Civilian Business Government Military Ombudsman Dignitary.

Stephen. the digital matter of merit defined re: C=R*P/M (Cybernetics Resource Purpose Method: "One Good")

SJ. Understanding the "LIE" = _____ relates Semantic Ontology re: Keyword Assimilation, connected to the Colorology is connected to the Numerology is connected to the Math is connected to the Science is connected to the Metaphysics is connected to the strings is connected to the chaos... looks into everything = MDCCLXXVI (The Value of Currency, and All Seeing Eye)