It implies there is no Urban Development Board. And, if there is, it not efficient enough to coordinate and command enforcement of development control.

The first responsible is community, because the institutions that manage the planning process are all subject to the control and influence of society

Lack of proper Urban Governance followed by wrecked coordination among diversified city development authorities.

Pressure from influential developers and investors who work the system to benefit their own self-interest. They are more organized and well-financed than the rest of the citizens.

I agree with you Ruth E. Metzger

It worsens in developing countries, the absence of a strong and organized society .

That was the topic of my dissertation.

Institutional structure alone is not enough to deliver urban agenda. Planning institutions that lack coordination is a challenge to effectiveness in the delivery of urban agenda or functions. Developing strong institution is a strong force in the delivery of urban institutions functions.

Acredito que falta de vontade política e mal emprego de verbas públicas que sempre estão voltadas para os interesses da minoria.