With the appalling trend of malpractices in the Nigerian political domain and organizations, the future of the nation appears glaringly dilapidated. I wonder why several studies have only focused on the implication of corruption and ghost employee fraud on the socio-economic development of the nation. I observed that corruption and ghost employee fraud in their dimensions have strong correlation; and that there are likely socio-economic variables influencing corruption and ghost employee fraud scheme. What could be the likely soci-economic variables and how should these variables be measured against corruption and ghost employee fraud? Thanks for your anticipated suggestions.
Dear Nafiu
Corruption to say least is the brain-child of the "ghost names" saga. It has also been netted deeply into the human society, and comes in diverse forms. One has to understand the term "corruption". Arguably, you can term it misuse of public power for personal gains. Corruption, unlike fraud and embezzlement, refers to decisions that politicians and public officials make based on authority delegated to them by the citizenry. When these decisions are motivated by personal gains rather than by the public’s interest, other than politicians favoring segments of the population they represent, this is considered corruption. One of the difficulties of identifying corruption is that these self-serving decisions can often be disguised as good public policy.
A few other excerpts the World's Encyclopedia shows corruption into two broad strands - 1) administrative, or petty, corruption refers to acts of bribery, kickbacks, or grease money, in which public officials extract a payment for implementing an existing decision. When officials accept a bribe for favoring a particular contractor for a public construction project, they are asking the contractor to share profits associated with the contract with them. The main consequence of such an act of corruption is the redistribution of income that in turn will have some influence on resource allocation. 2) Political corruption occurs when political leaders either allocate national budgets or introduce legislation to facilitate projects from which either they themselves or their close associates will benefit.
Diverse economic, political, administrative, social and cultural factors fuel corrupt behaviours.
Corruption is difficult to measure, but it exists in all countries. In countries where corruption is not endemic, corrupt acts are carried out under secrecy. In countries where corruption is widespread, corrupt incomes take so many forms that measurement becomes meaningless. The most consistent attempt to measure corruption has been carried out by Transparency International (TI), a Berlinbased non-governmental organization (NGO). Every year TI surveys business people and experts, and based on their perceptions it provides a rating between 10 (no corruption) and 1 (most corrupt). Of the 158 countries ranked in 2005, Iceland, Finland, and New Zealand were the least corrupt and Turkmenistan, Bangladesh, and Chad were the most corrupt.
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I hope this sounds good.
What an important question you asked indeed.
Kindly note when it is said Social+Economical it needs to consider the relevant process accordingly:
What is the "Socioeconomic" really?
Please note that in an Economical Research you should follow the below stages:
Please note that these stages are in the following scientific levels:
- Exploration
- Description
- Explanation
- Verification
Therefore you will find that the movement in the economics is from up to down while in the sociology is from down to up which means:
Dear Akeem
I have done a couple of studies about Nigeria.
Socioeconomic variables include:
1. corruption control,
2. government quality
3. Government effectiveness
4. Rule of law
5. Legal quality
The above variables have indexes that you can use.
Many thanks Peterson K Ozili. How can i get the indexes that i can use?
Available at World bank website. Click on databank. Click database. Choose World Governance Indicators. You should find the index there.
May God reward you for your kind gesture Prof. Peterson K Ozili. I will appreciate it if i can have the link. Many thanks
Thanks a lot Prof. Amir Houshang Samaeizadeh. I appreciate you sir. I will need your help in terms of learning sir.