Condensation happens one of two ways: Either the air is cooled to its dew point or it becomes so saturated with water vapor that it cannot hold any more water.

Kishore Kumar Sriramoju do you ,,mean bubble point tem?

Because all the vapor condenses below the bubble point

For example, When warm gas / air hits the cold surface, it reaches its dew point and condenses. Here is Dew is simply condensed water in the atmosphere.

I understand, thank you dear Kishore Kumar Sriramoju

There are different types of condensing methods that can be used to convert a vapor to a liquid, depending on the heat transfer mechanism and the design of the equipment. Some of the common types of condensing methods are:

• Air-cooled condensing: This method uses air as the cooling medium to remove heat from the vapor. The vapor flows through tubes or fins that are exposed to ambient air, either by natural or forced convection. Air-cooled condensers are often used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, as well as in some power plants21.
• Water-cooled condensing: This method uses water as the cooling medium to remove heat from the vapor. The vapor flows through tubes that are surrounded by water, either in a shell or a coil. The water can be cooled by a cooling tower, a river, a lake, or the ocean. Water-cooled condensers are widely used in industrial and power applications, as they have higher heat transfer coefficients and lower operating costs than air-cooled condensers234.
• Evaporative condensing: This method combines the advantages of air-cooled and water-cooled condensing, by using a spray of water over the tubes or fins that carry the vapor. The water evaporates and cools the vapor, while also humidifying the air. Evaporative condensers are more efficient than air-cooled condensers, as they can achieve lower condensing temperatures and reduce the compressor work. Evaporative condensers are suitable for hot and dry climates, where water availability is not an issue215.
• Direct contact condensing: This method involves direct contact between the vapor and the cooling liquid, usually water. The vapor and the liquid are mixed in a column or a tank, where heat and mass transfer occur simultaneously. The liquid absorbs the latent heat of vaporization and becomes warmer, while the vapor condenses and becomes cooler. Direct contact condensers are simple and inexpensive, but they require pure and compatible fluids, as there is no separation between them234.

These are some of the types of condensing methods that can be used for different applications.

Learn more:

1. engineeringlearn.com2. theengineerspost.com3. globalspec.com4. link.springer.com5. blog.thepipingmart.com—

• Moran, M. J., Shapiro, H. N., Boettner, D. D., & Bailey, M. B. (2018). Fundamentals of engineering thermodynamics (9th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
• : Çengel, Y. A., & Boles, M. A. (2015). Thermodynamics: an engineering approach (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
• : Kakaç, S., Liu, H., & Pramuanjaroenkij, A. (2009). Heat exchangers: selection, rating, and thermal design (3rd ed.). CRC Press.
• : Incropera, F. P., DeWitt, D. P., Bergman, T. L., & Lavine, A. S. (2007). Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
• : ASHRAE Handbook: Refrigeration (2018). American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers.

• There are other condensation methods besides increasing pressure.
• Condensation by exchange of solvent: This method involves pouring a solution of a substance that has limited solubility in water (such as sulphur or phosphorus) into water to produce a colloidal solution of that substance. The solvent exchange causes the solute to precipitate out as colloidal particles .
• Condensation by change of physical state: This method involves passing the vapor of a substance (such as mercury or sulphur) through cold water containing a stabilizer to produce a colloidal solution of that substance. The change of physical state from gas to liquid causes the formation of colloidal particles .
• Condensation by excessive cooling: This method involves freezing a solution of water in an organic solvent (such as ether or chloroform) to produce a colloidal solution of ice. The excessive cooling causes the separation of ice crystals as colloidal particles .
• Condensation by chemical methods: This method involves using chemical reactions to produce colloidal particles from molecular units. For example, hydrolysis of metal salts, oxidation of metals, reduction of metal ions, double decomposition of salts, etc. These methods require careful control of temperature, concentration, pH, etc., to obtain stable colloidal solutions .

These are some of the other condensation methods that can be used for different applications.

• Sharma, B. K. (2010). Engineering chemistry (16th ed.). Krishna Prakashan Media.
• : Jain, P. C., & Monica Jain (2005). Engineering chemistry (15th ed.). Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company.
• : Atkins, P., & de Paula, J. (2010). Physical chemistry (9th ed.). Oxford University Press.

Good luck

Dear E.A. Gawad I really appreciate you for these useful answers

Is it possible to reduce the temperature below the bubble point of the solvent at a constant pressure so that all the solvent vapor condenses?

Can this be considered as a condensing method without using a condenser?

Yes, it is possible to reduce the temperature below the bubble point of the solvent at a constant pressure so that all the solvent vapor condenses. This can be considered as a condensing method without using a condenser, but it requires a cooling source that can provide a lower temperature than the bubble point of the solvent. This method is similar to water-cooled condensing, but without using tubes or coils to separate the solvent and the cooling medium. The solvent vapor and the cooling liquid are in direct contact, and heat and mass transfer occur simultaneously. The cooling liquid absorbs the latent heat of vaporization and becomes warmer, while the solvent vapor condenses and becomes cooler. This method is simple and inexpensive, but it requires pure and compatible fluids, as there is no separation between them12.

Here are some references that explain more about this topic:

• : Çengel, Y. A., & Boles, M. A. (2015). Thermodynamics: an engineering approach (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
• : Incropera, F. P., DeWitt, D. P., Bergman, T. L., & Lavine, A. S. (2007). Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer (6th ed.). John Wiley & Sons.

Dear E.A. Gawad Can you explain why the temperature should not drop below the dew point?

When the temperature drops below the dew point, the first drop of liquid is formed. However, why should the temperature drop below the bubble point?