Diabetes is a clinical condition which results if the pancreas fail to produce any insulin or less insulin as in case of Type 1 diabetes. The insulin produced may not be sufficient to utilise the body glucose or another reason could be it that a continuous high glucose level may cause insulin resistance in the body.Impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance are mainly seen in Type 2 diabetes ,which is the more common type.There is a third kind of diabetes, Gestational diabetes which is seen in women who earlier were non diabetic but have high blood glucose levels during pregnancy. Insulin resistance is found to be the cause of high sugar levels in gestational diabetes as well. The common symptoms associated with diabetes are excessive urination, excessive thirst, increased hunger and weight loss. Other symptoms include fatigue, blurry vision and slow wound healing.Even if these symptoms are evident or not but people with obesity and with family history of diabetes are at increased risk and should regularly monitor their blood sugar levels. For Full Care Diabetes Treatment, Visit – www.lifespanindia.com

Hi, rudimentary searches on the internet will explain it and point you in the direction of any specific questions you have.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus

thank you dr.Steingrimur_Stefansson

Diabetes is a clinical condition which results if the pancreas fail to produce any insulin or less insulin as in case of Type 1 diabetes. The insulin produced may not be sufficient to utilise the body glucose or another reason could be it that a continuous high glucose level may cause insulin resistance in the body.Impaired glucose tolerance and insulin resistance are mainly seen in Type 2 diabetes ,which is the more common type.There is a third kind of diabetes, Gestational diabetes which is seen in women who earlier were non diabetic but have high blood glucose levels during pregnancy. Insulin resistance is found to be the cause of high sugar levels in gestational diabetes as well. The common symptoms associated with diabetes are excessive urination, excessive thirst, increased hunger and weight loss. Other symptoms include fatigue, blurry vision and slow wound healing.Even if these symptoms are evident or not but people with obesity and with family history of diabetes are at increased risk and should regularly monitor their blood sugar levels. For Full Care Diabetes Treatment, Visit – www.lifespanindia.com

This is called the silent killer because most people don't even know they have it. However, if you are thirsty most of the time and feel fatigue, then you may want to get your blood tested.

Following.

Interesting question, following.

Hi ابتسام صاحب الزويني

Diabetes mellitus (DM) simply means that we are loosing glucose in urine. This is because blood glucose level is increased ( ≥11.1 mmol/l or ≥200 mg/dl two hours after taking meal) and so much glucose is filtered in kidneys that all of it cannot be reabsorbed and hence some of it starts appearing in urine. As glucose is osmotically active, it will also bring a lot of water in urine (excessive urination) during uncontrolled state of DM. This will stimulate thirst and makes a person to drink excessively unless DM is controlled. DM type 1 is less common (about 10%). It mainly occurs in children and is caused by degeneration of beta cells of pancreas which normally produce insulin → insulin deficiency. This is why DM type 1 is treated with insulin injections. However, DM type 2 mainly occurs in obese adults and is caused by resistance to the action of insulin. This is why type 2 DM is treated with drugs which increase sensitivity to insulin +/- the drugs which increase insulin production. In uncontrolled cases of DM, the body metabolism will become mainly catabolic → weigh loss. Less carbohydrates and more of lipids are used as a source of energy. There is decreased entry of glucose into muscles and fat tissue. more fats and proteins are broken down → fatigue and increased appetite. symptoms develop rapidly in type 1 and much more slowly in type 2 DM. For further details, please see the link below:

https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-mellitus.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus

Kind Regards,

Dr. Roomi

الأخت الكريمة د.ابتسام

مُرفق إلى حضرتك اجابات كافيات وافيات لسؤالكِ حول مرض السكري حيث أنني با حث في هذا المرض.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both (Wendy and  Jean, 2007). The two major forms of diabetes are type 1(insulin-dependent Diabetes mellitus, IDDM) resulting from autoimmune destructions of β cells lead to lack or sever reduction in insulin secretion and type 2 (non insulin-dependent Diabetes mellitus, NIDDM) resulting from both relative deficiency of insulin and insulin resistance (a disorder in which insulin can attach normally to receptors on liver and muscle cells but certain mechanisms prevent insulin from moving blood glucose into these cells) (Cohen, 2006). The most major risk factors for diabetes are overweight and obesity, Most of type 2 diabetic patients were found to be obese (Yassin et al., 2009). Sedentary lifestyle, poor diet, increased late age, and family history are from the other risk factors (Fujita, 2009). Type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus differ in their clinical presentation as well as their etiology. Type 1 diabetics are usually younger and thinner than type 2 diabetics.

Type 1 diabetics present with acute symptoms, while type 2 diabetes develops more slowly over time. Type 1 diabetics are more prone to develop ketoacidosis than type 2 diabetics. DM may present with symptoms such as thirst, polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, blurring of vision, and weight loss (Wendy and Jean, 2007). The long-term effects of DM (chronic hyperglycemia) include progressive development complications of nephropathy, neuropathy (Dyck et al., 2002), kidney damage, kidney failure (Maeda and Shiigai, 2007), vision problems, blindness, retinopathy (The National Eye Institute, 2006), sexual dysfunction, cardiovascular disease and increased risk of strokes (Marshall & Flyvbjerg, 2006). The tests which performed for diagnosis, monitoring and prognosis of D.M. patients are fasting blood glucose, post prandial blood glucose, HBA1c, c-Peptide, and Insulin.

References:

Dyck, P., Feldman, E. and Vinik, A., (2002): Diabetic Neuropathies The Nerve Damage of Diabetes. The national diabetes information clearinghouse, National Institutes of Health Publication No. 02-3185.

Cohen, P. (2006): The 20th century struggle to decipher insulin signaling. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol., 7: 867-873.

Fujita, M., Ueno, K., Hata A. ( 2009): Effect of obesity on incidence of type 2 diabetes declines with age among Japanese women. Experimental Biology and Medicine., 234: 750-757.

Maeda, Y. and Shiigai, T. (2007): Diet Therapy in Diabetic Nephropathy" Nutrition and Kidney Disease: A New Era., 155: 50–58 .

Marshall, S. and Flyvbjerg A., (2006): Prevention and early detection of vascular complications of diabetes. British Medical journal., Vol.333: pp475- 480.

The National Eye Institute, (2006): Diabetic Retinopathy. National Institutes of Health Publication No. 04-3252.

Wendy, A., Jean, B. (2007): Clinical Chemistry. A Laboratory Perspective, 1st ed. F. A. Davis Company.USA. 147-155.

Yassin, M.M., Altibi, H.I. and El Shanti, A.F. (2009): Biochemical Features of Type 2 Diabetic Patients in Gaza Governorate, Gaza

Strip. Submitted to the West African Journal of Medicine., 14: 580-585.

The etiology of T2DM is complex and multifaceted. There is evidence to show that there is an association of obesity with the development of T2DM. Most patients with this form of diabetes are obese, and obesity itself causes some degree of insulin resistance. Patients who are not obese by traditional weight criteria may have an increased percentage of body fat distributed predominantly in the abdominal region (ADA, 2005). Chronic obesity leads to increased insulin resistance that can develop into diabetes (Camastra & Ferrannini, 1999). Other factors, such as family history of T2DM and lack of physical activity, have also been associated with the disorder. Previous diagnosis of gestational diabetes is a risk factor for T2DM, as are increasing age, hypertension, and dyslipidemia (Olefsky, 2001). Increased risk for developing the disease is also associated with membership in certain racial and ethnic groups (ADA, 2005).

....

One cause of the hyperglycemia of T1DM is an autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas. The cell mediated response causes infiltration of the pancreas and reduction in the volume of beta cells (American Diabetes Association (ADA), 2005 and Wendy & Jean, 2007). As a protein hormone, insulin acts through chemical responses to receptors on the cells of target tissues. In the muscle, insulin stimulates glucose uptake into cells and enhances glycogenesis. In adipose tissue, insulin stimulates glucose uptake into cells and enhances lipogenesis. In the liver, insulin has a negative effect, inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis (Wendy and Jean, 2007).

Autoantibodies are present in the circulation of many individuals with T1DM (Wendy and Jean, 2007). This appears to be a genetic susceptibility to development of autoantibodies, with certain histocompatibility antigens predominant in the T1DM population. T1DM is also related to environmental factors that are still poorly defined. The patients are rarely obese when they present with this type of diabetes (ADA, 2005). However, the development of disease is complex; triggering factors, such as rubella, mumps, and other viral infection, and chemical contact may be necessary for progression of disease (Dokhee, 1993).

My Master's thesis is attached, in which you will find all answers you need about diabetes as well as references to the above paragraphs.

مُرفق إلى حضرتكِ رسالة الماجستير الخاصة بي، والتي ستجدين فيها كافةالاجابات التي تحتاجيها حول مرض السكري اضافة الى المراجع الخاصة بالفقرات أعلاه

2.4 Criteria for the diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus

According to WHO, DM is characterized by recurrent or persistent hyperglycemia, and is diagnosed by demonstrating any one of the following (WHO, 1999):

• Classic symptoms of hyperglycemia (polyuria, polydipsia, Blurred vision, and unexplained weight loss) and casual plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL). Casual is defined as any time of day without regard to time since last meal.
• Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL). Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hr.
• 2-hr postload glucose ≥200 mg/dl (11.1 mmol/l) during an Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The test should be performed as described by WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in 250 ml of water.
• 📷Glycated hemoglobin (Hb A1C) ≥ 6.5% (ADA, 2010).

A positive result, in the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, should be confirmed by a repeat of any of the above-listed methods on a different day (ADA, 2005). According to the current definition, two fasting glucose measurements above 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L) is considered diagnostic for diabetes mellitus.

References:

American Diabetes Association (2005): Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care. 28:S37-S42

American Diabetes Association (2010): "Diabetes Care" http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/33/Supplement_1/S3.full. (Accessed 2-10- 2011).

World Health Organization Department of Noncommunicable Disease Surveillance (1999): "Definition, Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications". http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1999/WHO_NCD_NCS_99.2.pdf. (Accessed 1-12-2011).

Thank you, my dear, it's a very wonderful answer and I need a lot of it

Symptoms of diabetes include

· increased thirst and urination

· increased hunger

· fatigue

· blurred vision

· numbness or tingling in the feet or hands

· sores that do not heal

· unexplained weight loss

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disorder. It's believed that a combination of genetic predisposition and additional environmental (as yet unidentified) factors provoke the immune system into attacking and killing the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. There is no way to prevent type 1 diabetes from occurring.

Type 2 diabetes is mainly caused by insulin resistance. This means no matter how much or how little insulin is made, the body can't use it as well as it should. As a result, glucose can't be moved from the blood into cells. Over time, the excess sugar in the blood gradually poisons the pancreas causing it to make less insulin and making it even more difficult to keep blood glucose under control.

Obesity is a leading cause of insulin resistance – about 90% of people with type 2 diabetes are overweight or obese. Genetic factors are also likely to be involved in the cause of type 2 diabetes. A family history of the disease has been shown to increase the chances of getting it.

Other risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes include:

• being 40 years of age or older
• being of Indigenous, Hispanic, South Asian, Asian, or African descent
• blood vessel disease (e.g., damage to blood vessels in eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, brain, or arms and legs)
• high blood pressure
• high cholesterol
• a history of gestational diabetes
• a history of prediabetes or impaired fasting glucose
• giving birth to a large baby
• certain medical conditions (e.g., HIV infection)
• mental health disorders (e.g., bipolar disorder, depression, schizophrenia)
• acanthosis nigricans (a condition causing darkened patches of skin)
• polycystic ovary syndrome
• obstructive sleep apnea
• use of certain medications (e.g., corticosteroids such as prednisone, certain antipsychotic medications, certain antiviral medications for HIV)

Diabetes ( diabetes mellitus) refers to a group of metabolic diseases in which the person has high blood glucose, either because of inadequate insulin production, or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin, or both cases.

There are two types :

Type 1 Diabetes : the body does not produce insulin. Approximately 10% of all diabetes cases are type 1.

Type 2 Diabetes : the body does not produce enough insulin for proper function. Approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes worldwide are of this type.

The most common diabetes symptoms include frequent urination, intense thirst and hunger, unusual weight loss, fatigue, cuts and bruises that do not heal,numbness and tingling in hands and feet.