Effective extension strategies combine participatory approaches, strong public-private partnerships, and capacity building to engage farmers in adopting sustainable practices. Leveraging digital tools and involving farmers in decision-making enhances knowledge, trust, and long-term behavioral change.

1- Participatory Approach (Farmer Field Schools or FFS)

2- Lead Farmer or Model Farmer Approach

3- . On-farm Demonstrations and Pilot Plots

4- Farmer-to-Farmer Exchange Visits and Field Days

5- . Training and Capacity-building Sessions

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Changing farmers’ behavior toward adopting sustainable agricultural practices requires multi-dimensional extension strategies that go beyond information transfer and address behavioral, social, and economic factors. One of the most effective approaches is the use of participatory extension methods, such as Farmer Field Schools (FFS), where farmers learn through observation, experimentation, and peer-to-peer interaction. These methods enhance experiential learning and build trust in sustainable technologies.

In addition, combining advisory services with behavioral nudges, such as providing demonstrations, real-time decision support tools, and social recognition (e.g., showcasing model farmers), significantly improves adoption rates. Strategies that integrate economic incentives (like subsidies or market access), context-specific training, and continuous follow-up are especially effective when tailored to local socio-cultural and ecological contexts. Studies have shown that sustained adoption depends not only on knowledge but also on perceived risk reduction, peer influence, and institutional support (Knowler & Bradshaw, 2007; Meijer et al., 2015).