I'm interested in cataloging all of them. I have a particular interest for ontologies in computer science, but any other topic is also relevant.
This is my list so far:
Dining Philosophers
Chinese room
Travelling salesman problem
Turing machine
Eight queens puzzle
Two Generals' Problem
The Muddy Children Puzzle
Knapsack problem
Yale shooting problem
Tower of Hanoi
Halting problem
thanks for all contributions :D
There are several popular problems for backtracking, like Eight Queen, etc.
I've heard the dining philosopher's problem many times to explain concurrency and resource sharing.
There is the "muddy children" puzzle which is used to explain the concept of common knowledge and related notions. This is used in the field of agents and knowledge representation.
In the area of computational complexity many (hard) problems have intuitive descriptions. For example the "knapsack problem" and the "Travel salesman problem".
In the area of knowledge representation there are many more. The "Yale Shooting Problem" to illustrate the frame problem was one used frequently.
Towers of Hanoi is also a Popular Problem for Programming.
P.S.
There are several popular problems for backtracking, like Eight Queen, etc.
Kapil, which book do you refer to? I could not find a book by this author with the name "Dynamic Programming" and he has several books
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