hello, this answer available in Chapter 16. Polymers. Characteristics, Applications and Processing such as
The tensile modulus decreases with increasing temperature or diminishing strain rate.
Obstacles to the steps mentioned in 16.4 strengthen the polymer. Examples are cross-linking (aligned chains have more van der Waals inter-chain bonds) and a large mass (longer molecules have more inter-chain bonds). Crystallinity increases strength as the secondary bonding is enhanced when the molecular chains are closely packed and parallel. Pre-deformation by drawing, analogous to strain hardening in metals, increases strength by orienting the molecular chains. For undrawn polymers, heating increases the tensile modulus and yield strength, and reduces the ductility - opposite of what happens in metals.