Let's say, we have sp2 carbon (Graphene) and it transform to sp3, somehow. what are the possible ways that can contribute to this transition?
The question is most basic, "how the transitions occur in hybridization?" what parameters can possibly induce this transition?
Hybridization of electrons of a carbon atom sp3 can be obtained as a result of the chemical reaction of obtaining methane from carbon and hydrogen. In addition, the transformation sp2 ->sp3 can be obtained as a result of the phase transition of graphite into diamond at high pressure and temperature.Graphene is expensive, so it's better to take graphite. Graphite consists of many layers of graphene. If you have a lot of graphene, you can take and synthesize diamonds using this technology. The technology is very complex and expensive.
We know any shorts of change/process is related to the change of its entropy as well as energy. sp2 carbon is energetically less stable having planer geometry, combing other sp2 carbons results planar and sheeted layer, fragile structures (graphene, graphite). When it achieves proper conditions, such as high pressure and temperature, longer time collisions of sp2carbons to energies the mixing of orbitals and rearranging the electrons in its to form a highly stable sp3 carbon and uniquely combined with others sp3 carbon to form a whole giant molecules (diamond).
especially for single layer graphene, it can be converted to single layer graphane (sp²) by reduction of graphene via alkali metals and exposition to proton sources like acids. but as i remeber, the conversion was not 100% ...
Article On the Way to GraphanePronounced Fluorescence of Polyhydroge...
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