Too big a question to cover well here. You can read up on various corrosion testing (including EIS, potentiodynmic, LPR, Tafel...) a lot of places but the link at the end of this is to the applications notes on the subject from Gamry.

Short answer: Rp is used to quantify the rate of corrosion and you can get Rp from EIS, or potentiodynamic, or LPR, but EIS and LPR are non-destructive. Potentiodynamic is destructive and more commonly used, not for quantification of corrosion rates, but for characterization of passive film formation on, e.g., stainless steels.

https://www.gamry.com/application-notes/corrosion-coatings/complete-list

The main difference between potentiodynamic polarization and EIS is that the polarization potential applied on the working electrode is swept at a low scan rate in the first technique. Unlike EIS, the measurement is done at a fixed dc polarization potential, and the sinusoidal signal frequency is swept. Consequently, with potentiodynamic polarization, you can compute the Rp value when the test is concluded and the working electrode is damaged. However, you do not possess more information about the relaxation processes that could take place at any polarization potential swept used.

The advantage of using EIS is that it is a no destructive method because the test can be done at open circuit potential, for instance (other dc polarization potentials can be applied). Even at open circuit potential, you can determine the Rp value if the frequency swept reaches low values. Also, you will be able to have information about the relaxation processes involved in the corrosion process according to the number of time constants observed in the Nyquist or Bode diagram. In this manner, you can elucidate, for instance, the behavior in the double-layer and the different steps, such as charge transfer, diffusion, or adsorption process.