Zero knowledge-based blockchain sharding approaches involve dividing the network into smaller groups or shards to improve scalability while maintaining security and decentralization. Components include shard chains, cross-shard communication, consensus mechanisms, and validator rotation.
In Ethereum Layer 2 systems implementing zkSharding, which combines zero-knowledge proofs with sharding techniques, additional components include zero-knowledge proofs (zkSNARKs), zk-Rollups, and data availability proofs. These components enhance scalability, privacy, and security while reducing on-chain load.