Studies show that breast cancer isrelated to the industrialization process, with risk

of illness associated with high socioeconomic status, and other conventional risk factors described, such as low parity, early age of menarche and late menopause, obesity, height, and alcohol.

Inherited genes. Mj

Hig risk HPV types (HR-HPV) are implicated as direct causal agents in the carcinogenesis of different types of cancers. Persistent infection with HR-HPV (mainly HPV 16 & 18) is the major cause of the main types of cervical cancer (up to 70%).

However, HPV infection alone is not sufficient cause. Thus, long term virus persistence and the participation of other cofactors are needed to increase the risk of cancer progression. These include; high parity, cigarette smoking, long term of using hormonal contraceptives and nutritional factors.

Breast cancer (BC) is accounted as a multifactorial aetiology disease. Some of the risk factors are: mutations in the BRCA1 & BRCA2 genes (inherited genes), radiation, exogenous hormones, increasing age, alcohol, diet and lack of physical activity. Additionally, reproductive events such as early menarche, late menopause and late age at first pregnancy could be also implicated as risk factors for BC.

We've already detected some of the high risk HPV types in breast cancer cases. However, HPV and Breast cancer development is still controversial. Currently, we are aiming to investigate the definitive relationship between HPV and BC development.

Regards .

Nadia, thank you for your contribution. What is your oppinion with double carcinomas (cervical and breast)?

Judit, I do not agree with you. With all genetic hypothesis and predisposition, the incidence of carcinomas was very low before 1970th! The radiation as first cause , the oncogenic viruses (STD), and many cancerogenic agents in food, water and environment, are the most frequent causes of high incidence of malignancy.

Dear Nikola,

Current research evidence suggests that breast cancer metastases anywhere but primarily to the lymph nodes, bone, brain, lungs and liver. However, breast metastasis of cervical cancer is rare. According to therecent research, approximately 30 cases have been reported up to 2012.

From my point of view, more research is needed on the correlation between breast cancer and cervical cancer (specifically the HPV positive breast cancer and cervical cancer cases).

Please find the attached files regarding this topic ( case reports).

Regards

Dear Nadia! Thank Youfor Your answer and for attached files! I do not speak about metastatic Ca in breast, than abou independent breast and cervical carcinoma by same women (maybe both caused with HPV...?) I support Your idea for further research.  Best regards, Prof. Ilankovic

Dear Nikola,

Oh sorry for the misunderstanding. Generally, the existence of two malignancies (dual primary malignancy) having different histopathology's structure at anatomically distinct sites is still unusual . However, my research project is about the association between HPV and breast cancer and we are now searching for the definite evidence as we have already found the HPV there. Furthermore, we are checking the HPV positive patients case history for a combination with Cervical cancer. I will let you know if we got any positive results.

Regards

Then we talk about same things! My suggestion for your research is to take a detailed  hystory about sexual behaviour! Best regards!

In my opinion the Environmental changes,phytoestrogen in the  vegetables,fruits and the carcinogenic agents in the food may be the one cause which will lead to these double carcinomas.another factors may be obesity,harmonal imbalance,socioeconomic condition and sexual behaviour pattern can be the contributing factors in association.

Modern sexual behaviour  and promiscuity as a frequent way to STD (and HPV infection, too.)

Dear Colleagues,

As you seem to be interested in a putative role of HPV in breast cancer etiology, may I also ask if you already have considered that the majority of studies that found some sort of weak positive association have some at least doubtful methodology?

We may also point out that tissue samples are at great risk of contamination as HPV is a very common virus in case you won't prevent the risk of false positives with a correct preventive approach.

Now, it also doesn't surprise me to see a young woman having a breast cancer and some grade of HPV-related disease (also until cancer, which is by chance just the final stage of an HPV infection in some women). A peer and coauthor of mine has also tried to investigate this fascinating but under my opinion unlikely connection. As you are now talking of treating patients carrying two primary cancers, is there anything you noticed in terms of answers to therapies or disease-related changes that might let us think or suggest any relationship? 

HPV,early age of intercourse and smoking

I agree with Laxmi, but plus the possibility the transmission the viruses direct to breast....!

High risk for STD and HPV, herpes virusand other infections by direct contact of mouth or penis with nipple!

 ......More than 226,000 American women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in 2012. More than half of these women will have ductal carcinoma, a type of cancer that starts in the milk ducts of the breast!

Dear Enzo,

I do not agree with you, even if you suspected that your tissue samples are under the risk of being contaminated. Still there are other ways to investigate if the High risk HPV types infected these tissues or not. It is the same research way that led the researcher to detect HR-HPVs as causative agents for up to 70% of cervical cancer.

Most of the researchers that failed to detect HPV DNA in there samples, used paraffin-embedded samples of breast cancer rather than using fresh ones.The disadvantages of using FFPE is that the residual formalin treatment weakens the genomic DNA, making it more susceptible to shearing when subjected to column based bind and elute purification.

 In addition, rates of HPV detection are directly influenced by the type of PCR used in the analysis. Using L1 consensus PCR rather than the oncogenic proteins E6 or E7 specific primers is less reliable for detection of HPV infection for two reasons:

·       The L1 and E1regions, but never the E6/E7 regions, are lost during integration of viral DNA into host genomic DNA, a process that represents an essential component of progression from HPV infection to development of the malignant phenotype; and

·       The E6/E7 region exhibits less nucleotide variation.

So, if you are trying to detect the presence of HPV in your samples you will use the PCR with negative and positive controls to avoid the false positivity and negativity. However, you cannot tell that HPV is implicated with Breast cancer as a causative agent without further investigations and confirmation for your results. And you will keep investigating to know if the virus is active and the presence of HPV DNA is not just a trace. And that was what some researchers did and they found the HPV inside the breast tissue cells.

Keep in mind that HPV is an oncogenic hormone dependent virus. And some researchers found that there are cooperative interactions of HER2 and HR-HPV 16 oncoprotiens in the malignant transformation of human mammary epithelial cells. Furthermore, the researchers found that beta-catenin is constitutively phosphorylated by c-Src and consequently trans-located to the nucleus in ErbB-2/E6/E7-breast cancer cells. These findings provide evidence that the ErbB-2 receptor cooperates with high-risk HPVs in breast tumorigenesis via beta-catenin activation. Still we need to do more researches till we reach to definite evidence.

Regards.

Nadia, what do you think about a ways of transmission of HPV to breast_

What is your comment for my hypothesis and for this citate?

"High risk for STD and HPV, herpes virusand other infections by direct contact of mouth or penis with nipple....?

......More than 226,000 American women will be diagnosed with breast cancer in 2012. More than half of these women will have ductal carcinoma, a type of cancer that starts in the milk ducts of the breast!"

Dear Nikola,

The presence of HPV in human breast milk has recently been reported , which gives us an indication for the ability of HPV to infect and accumulate in breast ductal tissue.

The fact is that HPV can easily spread between sexual partners and that makes HPV one of the most common sexual transmitted diseases. HPV is not transmitted by blood, which make the most common means of transmission via the direct skin to skin contact with the genital organs of an infected person. According to that, we can hypothesized that HPV could possibly transmitted to breast tissue through this way. However, it is still a hypothesis and to be accepted we need evidence to confirm it by doing research on the HPV possible transmission ways to breast tissue. 

Regards.

Only genetic, genetic, genetic.... And what is wit real life and our current behaviour?

HPV infection, smoking for cervical cancer

Smoking and possible family history for breast cancer

Thank You Nadia for your answer! We have a very real hypothesis about this way of transmission of HPV. We must ask the ill person for his/her sexual behaviour! Whay is this furthermore tabu in 21. century!?

Smoking, drinking, drug abuse, promiscuity, STD, infertlity .... are not genetical factors., It are real risk factors for STD and some malignancy, too!

The greatest risk factors for cervical cancer are:High risk HP V sub-types; lack of cervical cancer screening and HIV infection.

Nerry it is true, but the Papnicolau and other tests, are not prfilaxis from infection! The postive Papanicolau test is sign of real illness! The real primary preventions are - vacination (only for some type of HPV), strong reduction of promiscuity and practicallz always using of preservatives! But HPV are  in other body secrets, too....

Thanks for your comment but screening will pick the precancerous lesions note pre-malignant lesions, so if one is not screened these lesions will be missed and some of these will eventually develop cervical cancer.

Yes, I agree. But the primary prevention is theelimination of possibillity of infection with HPV (and other viruses...) or the vaccination.

I think that both cervical cancer and breast cancer are multifactorial deaseses (genetic factors, age of menarha and menopausis, number of pregnancies, infections, nutrition, smoking, alcochol etc). I didn't realise that someone mentioned hormonal status. Disbalance of hormonal homeostasis may be one of causes for cervical/breast displasias and carcinoma. Both, cervix and breast are hormonal dependet tissues. Аbsence or lack of progesterone results in a constant exposure of tissues to estrogen effect. I think that too much attention is given to the HPV, while the other risks factors are neglected.

Dear Emilia! I think that everything in life are multifactorial event, but we are working with diseases with real causes and possible with real and targeted prophylaxis. The mortalitz is because many theories and multifactiriality is to high!