Nanofertilizers (NFs) are the best alternative to traditional chemical fertilizers. Nutrients use efficiency of NFs is higher than the conventional chemical fertilizers. NFs can increase the tolerance of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. Nanomaterials can increase crop yield by increasing fertilizer nutrient availability in soil and nutrient uptake by plants. These materials can suppress crop diseases by acting directly on phytopathogens through a variety of mechanisms, including the production of reactive oxygen species. Nanotechnology applications include nanoparticle-mediated gene or DNA transfer in plants for the development of insect-resistant varieties, food processing and storage and increased product shelf life. Smart food packaging systems can be developed using nanotechnology that in turn increases the shelf-life of food products by developing active antifungal and antimicrobic surfaces, improving heat-resistance and mechanical properties, modifying the permeation behavior of foils and detecting and signaling biochemical. Nanotechnology offers many new strategies to reduce pollution in various processes, including improving production processes, reducing hazardous chemicals, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing the use of plastics and replacing plastics with biodegradable materials.

In fact nanotechnology could provide devices and mechanisms to synchronize the release of nitrogen with its uptake by crops; the nanofertilizers should release the nutrients on-demand while preventing them from prematurely converting into chemical/gaseous forms that cannot be absorbed by plants. These nanoscale fertilizers reduce nutrient losses due to leaching, and chemical alterations can be avoided—to enhance nutrient use efficiency and environmental quality by ex- ploring NPs based on various metals and metal oxides for application in agriculture. Nanofertilizers (NFs) are the best alternative to traditional chemical fertilizers. Nutrients use efficiency of NFs is higher than the conventional chemical fertilizers. NFs can increase the tolerance of plants against biotic and abiotic stresses. Nanomaterials can increase crop yield by increasing fertilizer nutrient availability in soil and nutrient uptake by plants. These materials can suppress crop diseases by acting directly on phytopathogens through a variety of mechanisms, including the production of reactive oxygen species. Nanotechnology offers many new strategies to reduce pollution in various processes, including improving production processes, reducing hazardous chemicals, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and reducing the use of plastics and replacing plastics with biodegradable materials.