Economic Cost of Corruption includes higher transaction cost, mis-allocation of resources, over and inefficient utilization of public goods, effecting both private and public investment etc.
Fiscal costs includes lower revenue collection due to tax/fee avoidance, it weakens state capacity to impose tax and collect them, dishearten genuine tax payers, it raises cost of projects and reduce effectiveness of public spending, heavy debt overdue and defaults etc.
Los costos económicos y fiscales no representan nada en comparación con los costos sociales, los efectos que genera la corrupción en el bien-estar y la calidad de vida de las personas.
These papers, and the references therein, may throw light on the issue:
1. Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2014), “Determinants of Election Outcomes: New evidence from Africa,” African Development Review 26, 4, 610-630.
2. Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2014), “Political Economy of Service Delivery: Monitoring versus Contestation,” The Developing Economies 52, 1, 68-84.
3. Ncube, M., Anyanwu, J.C. and Hausken, K. (2014), "Inequality, Economic Growth and Poverty in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA)," African Development Review 26, 3, 435-453.
4. Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2015), “Production, Economic Growth and Conflict in Risky Elections,” Journal of African Elections 14, 2, 34-49.
5. Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2016), “How Elections are Impacted by Production, Economic Growth and Conflict,” International Game Theory Review 18, 1, 1550015, 29 pages, doi: 10.1142/S0219198915500152.
6. Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2017), “Incumbent Policy, Benefits Provision, Triggering and Spread of Revolutionary Uprisings,” The Economics of Peace and Security Journal 12, 1, 54-63.
7. Hausken, K. and Ncube, M. (2017), “Policy Makers, the International Community and the Population in the Prevention and Treatment of Diseases: Case Study on HIV/AIDS,” Health Economics Review 7:5, 1-12, http://rdcu.be/oMEY.