If I send a survey questionnaire by email to all members of for example the Association of Psychologists in a country, what sampling technique did I use? I would say cohort sampling, but I am not fully certain, convenience sampling seems wrong. About 20 % of them responded, and then these responses were used without follow up on non-respondents.
There are five types of sampling - Random, Systematic, Convenience, Cluster, and Stratified. Your type would depend on to whom you are going to generalize the results. If the results are just to say what you found out is true about the total group you surveyed, you can say you surveyed the entire population. We do a sampling of populations because most of the time our populations are too large to survey in their entirety. If you want to say the results apply to all psychologists everywhere, using your example of Psychologists, you have a convenience sample.
I want to expand the answer given by Madelaine Lawrence. The (probability) sampling means that:
1. you know the population of the psychologists in that association which meet your inclusion criteria
2. you conduct a calculation for sample size by considering the effect size, and power
3. after you know the number of sample needed, you did a random sampling taken from the list of all psychologists in that association
4. after you get the list of your sample, you start sending them e-mails
If you don't do those steps, looks like you do a convenience-based sampling (non-probability).
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