Carbonate Reservoir Characterization: Part 01
1. It is known that carbonate sediments have a wide range of particle size and sorting resulting from complex organic processes which gets redistributed with time leading to porosity values ranging between 40 and 75%, while, permeability values ranging between 200 and 30,000 md. If so, how should the fundamental approach of a carbonate reservoir characterization should vary for (a) mud-dominated fabrics (with 70% porosity & 200 md permeability); (b) grain-dominated pack-stones (with 50% porosity & 2000 md permeability); and (c) grain-stones (with 40% porosity and 30,000 md permeability)?
2. Do we also consider the primary environmental factors (affected by physical, chemical & biological conditions of the depositional settings); and the details of the secondary diagenetic processes, while, characterizing a carbonate reservoir?
3. How exactly do we capture the details on the variations of the facies changes (which modify rock properties over tens of meter scale) as against the changes associated with diagenetic processes (which modify rock properties @ smaller scales), associated with a carbonate reservoir?
4. Feasible to couple the factors controlling the quality of a carbonate reservoir with that of the drainage mechanism of a carbonate reservoir, which includes (a) geological-age (depo-time); (b) type of carbonate platform (depo-system); (c) facies belts (depo-zone); three-dimensional geometrical classification (depo-shape); (d) building blocks of the depo-shape (depo-element); and (e) carbonate lithofacies?
5. To what extent, the details (lithology, type and frequency of allochems, microscopic sedimentary features such as bioturbation, presence of opaque materials, laminations, mud cracks, brecciation and fenestral fabric of the samples, type and frequency of various pore types, fractures, cements and compaction features) from a thin section analysis could be converted into its equivalent rock and fluid properties in a carbonate reservoir?
6. Whether computed tomography scanning (CT scan) would be able to identify the presence of fractures @ core-scale? Feasible to capture the details on fracture length, fracture aperture thickness, fracture width and fracture spacing?
7. To what extent, the direct data deduced from cores will precisely reflect geological, petro-physical, geo-mechanical and geo-chemical properties of a carbonate reservoir?
8. Since, indirect measurements have two different spatial scales:
(a) wire-line logs @ relatively smaller scales [0.15 m]; and
(b) seismic sections @ relatively larger scales; whether,
how exactly, these two measurements will be representing a carbonate reservoir, on a common spatial scale?
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