There are 4 fundamental problem in Nanofabrication:

1st: Making small things:

, that we have many techniques, CVD, EBL, Photolithography, sol-gel, solid state, etc.

2nd: Precise position of nanoparticles.

Without the ability to precise position no repetition or realignment is possible. Thus 2nd alternative manipulation will not be possible.

3rd: Creating interconnection.

No connection, no manipulation through energy control, such as the flow of electrons.

4th: mass production.

Without mass production, the invention, nanofabrication will stay as research base product.

SO, what is the best 2nd alternative manipulation.

Imagine, we manipulate material such as Photolithography, later the material fabricate, need 2nd manipulation to make it able to be control and tune of its property.

Here we used laser as 2nd alternative manipulation. What kind of other 2nd alternative manipulation technique?