Meanings of ‘Matter’ and ‘Energy’ Contrasted: By ‘matter’ I mean whatever exists as the venue of finite activities of existents and itself finitely active in all parts. Matter is whatever is interconvertible with existent energy.
Existent ‘energy’ is conceived as those propagative wavicles which, in a given world of existents, function as the fastest existent media of communication of someeffects between any two or more chunks of matter or of energy (i.e., of motions / changes).
Existent matter and existent energy are inter-convertible, and hence both should finally be amenable to a common definition: whatever exists with, in all parts, finite activity and stability.
Berkay Sarı, what you give here are not exactly any physical understanding of the DIFFERENCE between matter and energy. You speak of these two separately as we all have been taught in the school.
You do not even mention the inter-convertibility of matter and energy. Instead, you say: "Energy can be transformed from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed"
According to Conservation, matter and energy are interconvertible. If so, how can energy be just an abstract thing? Should tangibility be defined in terms of whether we humans can find something tangible or not?
You even started saying that matter is subject to the laws of physics. And energy? Not subject to the laws of physics?
My apologies, I made a mistake in my previous response. Energy is indeed subject to the laws of physics, just like matter.
Regarding the interconvertibility of matter and energy, as per the famous equation by Albert Einstein, E=mc^2, energy and matter are equivalent and can be transformed into each other. This means that matter can be converted into energy and vice versa. For example, in nuclear reactions, matter can be converted into energy in the form of gamma rays, while in photosynthesis, light energy is converted into matter in the form of plant matter.
Regarding the abstract nature of energy, it is true that energy is a concept that cannot be directly observed or touched, but it can be measured and its effects can be observed. Energy has a real impact on the world, but it cannot be seen or touched in the same way that matter can.
Definition of tangibility, it is often defined as the quality of being able to be touched or grasped, but this definition can also be expanded to include things that have a tangible impact on the world, even if they cannot be directly observed or touched.
In summary, energy is subject to the laws of physics and is interconvertible with matter. Energy is considered to be an abstract concept because it cannot be directly observed or touched, but its effects can be observed and measured. The definition of tangibility can be expanded to include things that have a tangible impact on the world, even if they cannot be directly observed or touched.
Berkay Sarı, you have said it very well. Moreover, congratulations for NOT FEELING CONFRONTED OR OFFENDED of my posing questions. That is great of you.
I am trying to construct a physics-and-cosmology-based metaphysical system.
Raphael Neelamkavil Oh, no problem. I misunderstood the breadth of the question at first. Additionally, I failed to consider that I need coffee to function optimally :)
Berkay, fine. I invite further contributions.
Philosophy of science can be a great clarifier of the sources, concepts, methods, and results of the sciences.
In the material world, the existence of matter is nearest to absolute truth. All that exists is matter. Matter provides substance (stuff) to all real entities. Anything that is not made of matter is imaginary and non-existent. The matter is inert and without any property except its ability to exist. Ability to exist endows matter with the capability to exist in different spatial dimensions. As 3D rational beings, we consider only that part of matter our senses can perceive as real, i.e. the 3D material entities. Matter in its lower spatial dimensions forms a universal medium that fills the entire space outside the most basic 3D matter-particles. It performs all actions and apparent interactions noticed in the real (3D) world.
Since the universal medium that contains the whole of the 3D matter is a real entity, any deformation (strain) in it is the work. And the stress introduced in the universal medium due to his strain (work) is energy. Work is the real entity and energy is its shadow.
Nainan
www.matterdoc.info
Nainan Varghese, thanks. Very good. Please continue to contribute opinions and ideas.
A friend of mine wrote the other day in Academia.edu: "Free fermions (electrons / positrons) are the smallest size that can couple with EM, so modulating it's 'wave' characteristics and speed."
I cannot give any objections to this. Nevertheless, another point must be brought to mind here:
At the level in which free fermions, waves, corpuscles, etc. are brought into observation, surely or perhaps, the coupling is possible or may be observed.
But we cannot say that fermions are some sort of purely internally unextended, unchanging, stuff. If they were, they would have to be pure nothings, and hence non-existent!
Similarly, please note, the wave and particle characteristics are taken in physics in terms of the mathematical concept of waves and points, which are not extended in their curved line shape or unextended point shape.
For this reason, we cannot say that they are like pure mathematical waves. To be physical, even they have to be internally extended and internally changing in all their parts.
Their parts are not infinite in number (if you may spatialize) each in their finite extension. Instead, they are infinite in number if each part is taken as infinitesimals!
Otherwise, infinite amounts of matter-energy would have to be contained in a finite measuremental space-time! Now, in terms of these thoughts, can we try to understand the layer/s of observation in which free fermions are the so-called smallest-size wavicles that can couple with electromagnetism thus determining their wavicle characteristic and velocity?
Raphael
Can we find any definition of matter and energy without reference to each other?
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Any_new_concept_of_motion_in_physics_beyond_those_of_STR_GTR_QM_and_QM-cosmology#view=642fe35f3f0890b7c306ad87
They seem particles, but mathematically and in some sense where time is totally ignored, and then one alleges the time back to it. This need not EXACTLY be the case, since the wave-form could better be defined mathematically as (1) at certain points elongated to almost the purely mathematical wave-form and (2) at certain other points almost completely bottle-necked as to seem like a mathematical particle.
In this case, the mathematical points defined between the two would be between mathematical wave and mathematical particle.
But this need not mean that the whole physical wave is an absolutely continuously defined propagation. Only mathematically can it be defined as absolutely continuous. There is some mathematically spatiotemporal discreteness between the states / stages of pure wave and pure particle. This is then the real wavicle.
Please note, hence, that the question of zero rest mass is a mathematical creation not met exactly at any moment in the physical wavicle. Moreover, the wavicle is not two-dimensional but three-dimensional in its statically mathematical diagram.
If an electron A at a specific spacetime loses a certain number of quanta of energy (say, 100 quanta), naturally its total energy has come down. Or, will anyone claim that it has thus increased or that it is in a constant state? Now imagine that it is accelerated later by other forces.
Consider another electron B at another spacetime. It has not lost so many quanta of energy (say, only 50 quanta). Like A, now B is also being accelerated with the same amount of energy.
Of course, whether our measurement of the acceleration energy in the two cases is absolutely exact is yet another ambiguous matter, but we suppose that they are equal.
Will the latter be at a better position in the total energy content than the former? Or, will it be claimed that their energy, mass, etc. After receiving equal acceleration from outside, are equal, merely because they are both electrons already taken to possess a certain mass?
Moreover, we know that in the path that both the electrons take there will be other physical influences which we do not determine and cannot. These influences must be at least slightly different from each other.
In short, the mass, energy, etc. of the two electrons will never be equal at any physical state, not have they been absolutely equal at any time. And we know that nothing in the world is in a static state. So, there is no reason to suppose that electrons will have a static mass, energy, etc.
Of course, we can calculate and fix them as supposedly static mass, energy, etc. These will be useful for practical purposes, but not as absolutes.
That is, our generalized determination of an exact mass for an electron need not be the exact energy, mass, etc. of an electron in various physically processual circumstances. At normal circumstances within a specific chemical element, and when freed from it, the electron will have different values.
This shows that no electron (in itself) will be identical in all its properties with any other. Our description of these properties may be considered as identical. But this description in physics is meant merely for pragmatic purposes! One cannot now universalize it and say that the mass, energy, etc. of electrons are the same everywhere.
What about the said values (mass, energy, etc.) of other particles like photon, neutrino, etc.? I believe none can prove their case to be otherwise in the case of these particles / wavicles too.
That is, there is nothing in the world, including electrons, quarks, photons, neutrinos, etc., with an exact duplicate anywhere else. This is the foundation for the principle of physical identity.
WHAT ARE VIRTUALS IN SCIENTIFIC THEORIES?
CRITERIA TO DIFFERENTIATE THEM?
Raphael Neelamkavil, Ph. D., Dr. phil.
Existents in Extension and Change are physical, not virtual. Space and time are just the epistemic notions of the physical-ontological Extension and Change respectively.
A DENOTABLE has reference to something that either (1) has physical body (physically existent processes), or (2) is inherent in bodily processes but are not themselves a physical body (e.g., potential energy), or (3) is non-real, non-existent and just a mere notion (say, a non-physical possible world with wings, or one with all characteristics absolutely different from the existent physical world).
(1) belong to existents. They are existent Realities. They are matter-energy in content. (2) belong to non-existent but theoretically necessary Realities. (3) are nothing, vacuous!
DIFFERENCE between non-existent, real virtual, and existent denotables:
Non-existents have no real properties, and generate no ontological commitment. Real virtuals have the properties that theoretically belong to the denotables that are lacunae in theory, but need not have Categorial characteristics. Existent denotables have Categories (characteristics) and properties. These are Extension and Change.
Hence, virtuals are versions of reality different from actual existents. They are called unobservables. Some of them are non-existent. When they are proved to exist, they become observables and are removed from membership in virtuals.
Theories yield unobservables (elctrons, neutrinos, gravitons, Higgs boson, vacuum energy, spinors, strings, superstrings …). They may be proved to exist, involving detectable properties.
Note: properties are not physical-ontological (metaphysical) characteristics (Categories). Instead, they are concatenations of Ontological Universals.
Virtual unobservables fill the lacunae in theoretical explanations.
As is clear now, the tool to discover new unobservables is not physical properties, but the physical-ontological Categories of Extension and Change. Virtuals are non-existent as such, but are taken as solutions to lacunae in rational imagination.
Discussion in ResearchGate:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_Are_Virtuals_in_Scientific_Theories_Criteria_to_Differentiate_them
Minimal Metaphysical Physicalism (MMP), Panpsychisms, and Monisms
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Minimal_Metaphysical_Physicalism_MMP_Panpsychisms_and_Monisms
Do Electromagnetic and Gravitational Quanta (EM Quanta and Gravitons) Gravitate from Within?
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Do_Electromagnetic_and_Gravitational_Quanta_EM_Quanta_and_Gravitons_Gravitate_from_Within
Do electromagnetic and gravitational wavicles exist? Before using them in physics, it must be determined whether they exist, for them to exert causally real physical effects. Existents cannot be vacua, and hence, they must exist, and hence they are
(1) in Extension (each having a finite number of finite-content parts), because if not extended, EM quanta would be non-existent, and
(2) in Change (existents, which are always with parts, possessing parts which always exert finite impacts on a finite number of others, inclusive of exertion of finite impacts on some parts within), because anything that has no change is not in existence.
An existent without own parts and own exertion of impacts will be imaginable as existent. Anything that is not in Extension-Change is non-existent – a physical-ontological fact at the foundations of physics, which most physicists (and other scientists) forget while performing their statistical and other related miracles!
This much for an introduction. Now, what are the implications of such existence in the case of EM wavicles and gravitons?
ELECTROMAGNETIC AND GRAVITATIONAL QUANTA
If electromagnetic and gravitational wavicles are EXISTENT, then they possess also EXTENSION and CHANGE. They are not absolutely geometric particles, instead, they are elongated at various dimensions.
Let us assume the following as a general principle in physics: Anything physical issues gravitons, which are the basic attractive forces within physical existents.
If an existent energy wavicle is thus a matter wavicle with extension, it must also issue gravitons! In that case, the only stuff in the cosmos that cannot themselves issue further gravitons from within are gravitons themselves. What can this work to in physics and cosmology? I believe that we need a revolution from this viewpoint. This is a proposal that waits being tested by future physics and astrophysics.
Gravitons too are extended and changing wavicles. But they are themselves the wavicles possessing also their parts that attract each other, and are long-range in nature. If they issue sub-gravitons, they will naturally be kept attracted within the issuing sources, because the parts from which they are supposed to be issued are themselves attractive by nature and other matter and energy particles attract each other basically by means of issuing gravitons.
But naturally, gravitons too must be existent, and hence possess parts. What would be the sort of parts that gravitons can possess? Repulsons or Gravitons? Sub-repulsons or sub-gravitons? I think that they cannot themselves be repulsons and sub-repulsons, because repulsons and sub-repulsons without coherence will not stick together as parts of gravitons. Gravitons cannot issue gravitons themselves, since this is self-creation. But they can possess sub-gravitons as parts, but these need not be of the same power as their totality that each graviton is.
In any case, one thing should be accepted: BOTH ELECTROMAGNETIC AND GRAVITATIONAL QUANTA MUST ISSUE THEIR OWN WAVICLES OF ATTRACTION. IN THE CASE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC QUANTA, THE ISSE IS THAT OF GRAVITONS (and whatever other sub-wavicles that might be there for them to give rise to). IN THE CASE OF GRAVITONS, THE PARTS WILL HAVE TO BE SUB-GRAVITONS (plus whatever other sub-wavicles that might be there for them to give rise to).
Let me show another aspect. In any given world or part of the world there must be a highest velocity. I think this will be determined by the matter-energy density achieved at the broadest (all-inclusive) condensation phase available in that part of the cosmos. Let's call it a world. In this world, it is possible to measure all motion in terms of the highest c of that world. In a broader world that includes this world, or in another world, we should a c-2, elsewere c-3, etc. Thus we have a spectrum of STRs and GTRs. Then the problem of measurement will be more complex.
Challenging the Universality of the Speed of Light as a Constant
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Challenging_the_Universality_of_the_Speed_of_Light_as_a_Constant
I have been revising this short discussion paper of mine in RG. It is an attempt to correct some basic attitudes in physics. Just now I have written an introduction to it. Please read it here. In a few days I shall upload the whole lead-text of this discussion for your reading and comments. Here please find only the introduction:
FOUNDATIONS OF AXIOMATIC PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE
1. INTRODUCTION
I get surprised each time when some physicists tell me that either the electromagnetic (EM) or the gravitational (G) or both the forms of energy do not exist, but are to be treated or expressed as waves or particles propagated from material objects that of course exist. Some of them put in all their energies to show that both EM and G are mere mathematical fields, and not physically existent fields of energy propagations from bodies.
This is similar in effect to Newton and his followers thinking honestly and religiously that gravitation and other energies are just miraculously non-bodily actions at a distance without any propagation particles / wavicles.
Even in the 21stcentury, we must be sharply aware that from the past more than 120 years the General Theory of Relativity and its various versions have succeeded in casting and maintaining the power of a terrifying veil of mathematical miracles on the minds of many scientists – miracles such as the mere spacetime curvature being the meaning of gravitation and all other sorts of fields.
A similar veil has been installed on the minds of many physicists by quantum physics too. We do not discuss it here. Hence, I have constructed in four published books a systemic manner of understanding these problems. I do not claim perfection in any of my attempts. Hence, I keep perfecting my efforts in the course of years. The following is a very short attempt to summarize in this effort one important point in physics and in the philosophy of physics.
I BELIEVE THAT THE TRADITION OF LAPPING UP WHATEVER THEY SAY BASED ON THEIR MANNER OF USING MATHEMATICS SHOULD STOP FOREVER. PHYSICISTS ARE NOT TO BEHAVE LIKE MAGICIANS, AND THEIR READERS SHOULD NOT PRACTICE RELIGIOUS FAITHFULNESS TO THEM.
Questioning the Foundations of Physical Constants, Properties, and Qualities
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Questioning_the_Foundations_of_Physical_Constants_Properties_and_Qualities
Symmetry: A Subset of Universal Causality. The Difference between Cause and Reason
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Symmetry_A_Subset_of_Universal_Causality_The_Difference_between_Cause_and_Reason
This discussion-text is just 2.5 pages, but intense. Meant for those who are interested in a clear presentation of what symmetry and symmetry breaking are, and of how physicists and mathematicians tend to misunderstand and/or misuse these concepts.
The Universally Causal context of the concept of symmetry is explained in terms of a solidly founded system of differentiation between cause and reason.
The Fallacies of Space, Time, and Spacetime in Physics
https://www.researchgate.net/post/The_Fallacies_of_Space_Time_and_Spacetime_in_Physics
Physical and Exact Sciences and Axiomatic Philosophy: Introducing Grounding (long text)
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Physical_and_Exact_Sciences_and_Axiomatic_Philosophy_Introducing_Grounding_long_text
Causality and Statistics: Their Levels of Effect and of Explanation
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Causality_and_Statistics_Their_Levels_of_Effect_and_of_Explanation
Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paradox and Non-Locality: Is Einstein a Monist?
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen_Paradox_and_Non-Locality_Is_Einstein_a_Monist
Spacetime Curvatures, Gravitational Waves, Gravitons, and Anti-Gravitons: Do They All Exist?
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Spacetime_Curvatures_Gravitational_Waves_Gravitons_and_Anti-Gravitons_Do_They_All_Exist
The Fate of “Source-Independence” in Electromagnetism, Gravitation, and Monopoles
https://www.researchgate.net/post/The_Fate_of_Source-Independence_in_Electromagnetism_Gravitation_and_Monopoles
Watch this video (streamed today, 23 July 2023) from after the 9th minute: A suggestion that the constant velocity of light, Planck’s constant, and Gravitational constant may be found to have covariance when the whole cosmos is considered.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPCoqJqSbGY
Essential Reason in Physicists’ Use of Logic: And in Other Sciences Too!
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Essential_Reason_in_Physicists_Use_of_Logic_And_in_Other_Sciences_Too
Preprint ESSENTIAL REASON IN PHYSICISTS' USE OF LOGIC: IN OTHER SCIENCES TOO
1.
In the material world, matter is the only real entity. Matter is the substance of all physical entities with objective reality and positive existence in space. There are neither virtual (imaginary) entities nor causeless actions.
Matter has no other property except its ability to exist. Because of this, unstructured matter furcates into the smallest quanta of matter, which tend to exist in minimum spatial dimensions. This tendency helps the quanta of matter to form latticework formations in all spatial planes. Latticework structures formed by the quanta of matter in all possible planes, together, form the universal medium that extends to infinity in all directions. A materialistic, universal medium becomes synonymous with an imaginary space. The entire space is filled with quanta of matter in the form of 3D matter-bodies and the structured universal medium. There are no voids in space. Latticework structures formed by rigid quanta of matter provide the universal medium with the properties of a perfect fluid. The universal medium is a self-stabilising, homogeneous and isotopic material structure. The presence of a universal medium that fills the entire space, outside the most basic 3D matter-particles, avoids the assumption of ‘actions at a distance through empty space’.
Strain (deformation) in the universal medium due to its structural deformations in and about a body is the work associated with the body. Stress, developed due to the strain in the universal medium about a body, is the energy associated with the body. Hence, energy is present wherever work is present. Energy has no independent existence other than as a shadow of work. Energy has neither form nor structure. It is an imaginary entity that is measured in terms of units of work, which is a real entity. The assumption of energy helps us assign a cause to an action where no logical cause is obvious.
All natural phenomena (like motion, actions, ‘natural forces’, electric charges, the creation, sustenance, or destruction of material bodies, etc.) in nature are the results of simple mechanical movements of quanta of matter in the universal medium. The universal medium is omnipresent, omnipotent, omniscient and perpetual.
Structural deformation in the universal medium between two objects superposition to increase or decrease distortion density in the universal medium between them. Transfer of structural deformations in the universal medium from the higher distortion-density region to the lower distortion-density region carries 3D material bodies in space. Increased distortion-density in the universal medium between two objects pushes them away from each other (apparent repulsion). Reduced distortion-density in the universal medium between two objects causes the universal medium on their outer sides to push them toward each other (apparent attraction).
The self-stabilising property of the universal medium and the transfer of structural distortions (unless modified) in the universal medium about a body cause the property of inertia by which a body is compelled to maintain its state of motion. Actions in the universal medium take place separately in in each plane and simultaneous actions in all planes passing through a body, together, appears as an action in 3D space.
A hypothesis presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’ can logically explain all physical phenomena in the universe. https://www.matterdoc.info . Please see the Table of contents of the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined) at https://matterdoc.info/matter/mattoc.pdf
Nainan
2.
The availability of free quanta of matter in space and their frequent ingress into the structure of the universal medium make it inherently under compression, even without a container. This compressive effort is called gravitation. All ‘natural forces’ (gravitational attraction, electromagnetic forces, nuclear forces, mechanical ‘forces’ and all other types of efforts) are different manifestations of gravitation.
A 3D matter-particle in the universal medium experiences compression from the universal medium. The magnitude of gravitation corresponds to the extent of the universal medium that exerts the pressure. The extent of universal medium between two 3D matter-particles is always less than the extents of universal medium on their outer sides. Hence, higher gravitational actions on their outer sides against lower gravitational actions on their inner sides tend to move the 3D matter-particles towards each other. This tendency is understood as gravitational attraction or gravity. Gravitational attraction (gravity) is the resultant (relatively a minor by-product) of separate and continuous gravitational actions on two 3D matter-particles by the universal medium. Value of the constant of gravitational pressure is about 📷. That is about 📷 times of present value of G. Compare with the present value of 📷.
.
A structurally deformed region in the universal medium may be called a field. The direction of the continuous deformation in the universal medium is represented by imaginary lines of force.
Linear lines of force designate a magnetic field. The direction of distortions along a magnetic line of force from where it appears to originate is designated as the north magnetic pole and the direction to where it proceeds is designated as the south magnetic pole. There is no magnetic monopole. Similar magnetic poles apparently repel each other and dissimilar magnetic poles apparently attract each other.
Curved lines of force in the universal medium represent an electric field. Clockwise curved lines of force indicate positive electric charge and anti-clockwise curved lines of force indicate negative electric charge. Electric charges are the relative directions of electric lines of force. Depending on the direction of reference, all electric fields have both positive and negative electric charges. There is no mono-electric charge. Similar electric charges apparently repel each other when they are very near and apparently attract each other when distance between them is large. Dissimilar electric charges apparently attract each other when they are very near and apparently repel each other when distance between them is large.
Radial lines of force in the universal medium toward or away from a central point represent a nuclear field. Outward lines of force are parts of a repulsive nuclear field and parts of inward lines of force are parts of an attractive nuclear field. Nuclear fields are produced only about the positrons and the electrons.
A hypothesis, presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’, can logically explain all physical phenomena in the universe. https://www.matterdoc.info . Please see the Table of contents of the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined) at https://matterdoc.info/matter/mattoc.pdf
Nainan
5.
This concept envisages a universe in steady state and infinity in extent. Often, parts of the universe are destroyed and new parts are created. Due to the very high peripheral speed of a spinning galaxy, 3D bodies in the region breakdown and release constituent bitons free into the space. Due to their high tangential linear speed, planes of these bitons align perpendicular to their direction of linear motion. The group of bitons around the galactic periphery forms a halo about the galaxy. Neighboring galaxies in their stable states keep constant distance between them through interactions between their halos. Each galaxy has a central black hole with other macro bodies orbiting around it. The stable state of a galaxy is a very short period in its life. If the spin speed exceeds a limit, the galaxy will disperse under centrifugal actions and if the spin speed reduces, all bodies in the galaxy will fall into the central black hole.
Except for their extremely large 3D matter-content, black holes are like any other macrobody. It has no mysterious properties. Due to very high compression due to gravitational collapse, black holes radiate photons at a very high rate. However, gravitational attraction on the photons towards the black hole reduce the linear speed of the radiated photons, thus causing their disintegration. The disintegration of radiated photons makes the black hole invisible. Black holes convert 3D matter of radiated photons into 1D quanta of matter and the residue of the dead photons appears as background radiation.
All 3D macro bodies are continuously under gravitational collapse. Pressure caused by the gravitational collapse makes their interiors hotter and probably in different physical states. Stars are much smaller than black holes. Their gravitational collapse causes photons of different frequency ranges (3D matter) to radiate from them. There is no nuclear fusion within the stars. Smaller macro bodies radiate photons of lower frequencies. Celestial bodies are not cooling down from a hotter state, but they steadily increase in temperature due to gravitational collapse at a rate controlled by their 3D matter-content.
All 3D material bodies in space are moving continuously. It is physically impossible for a macro body to orbit around another moving body in any type of geographically closed path. Stars orbit around galactic centers, which are static in space. Planetary systems are not independent groups. Nearer bodies that appear to move together in a galaxy constitute a planetary system. Planets in a planetary system move in wavy paths about the median path of the central body, alternately moving to the front and rear of the central body.
Parts of the gravitational attraction between celestial bodies cause their spin motions at accelerating pace. The directions of their spin motions tend to stabilize in the plane of their orbital motion about the central body. Apparent increase in the length of a day is due to insufficient corrections used.
Tides are the temporary disfiguration of a rotating body caused by the action of a linear effort on it. Shifts in the direction of tides depend on the relative deformation of latticework formation in the universal medium about the body relative to the action of external effort. Relative motion due to tide between solid and fluid parts of earth and the resulting reduction in the earth’s spin speed is a myth.
Terrestrial magnetism is the result of mechanical alignment of secondary electric fields of free floating atoms in the relatively calm fluid near the surface.
A hypothesis presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’ can logically explain all physical phenomena in the universe. https://www.matterdoc.info. Please see the Table of contents of the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined) at https://matterdoc.info/matter/mattoc.pdf
Nainan
Can unstructured matter be in existence? I think what exist are structured forms of matter. Hence why not understand by 'matter' only in general as the totality of all existents that are structured in one or another manner? Would that be more realistic.
The concept of matter that you mentioned seems to be Aristotelian. I think it is not a good manner of conceiving existents.
4.
Most of the stable atoms may have resultant electric/magnetic fields about them that would help the formation of molecules. Those without resultant fields about them cannot form molecules.
Larger atoms are formed by circular atomic sections arranged side by side along a central (atomic) axis. Most of the atoms are elongated-spherical in shape. Each atomic section is formed by two concentric discs (the inner disc formed by the nuclear section and the outer disc formed by the orbiting electrons). No part of an atom may be detached from a stable atom. In stable state, the nuclear and atomic axes coincide with each other. Misalignment between the atomic axis and the nuclear axis (of the same atom or those of neighboring atoms) produces resultant electric fields about them.
Resultant distortion fields about the neighboring atoms compel them to align with each other so that the resultant distortion field about the group becomes nil. Such unions form molecules. Some materials, where full alignment cannot be achieved, exhibit resultant magnetic fields about groups of atoms.
The angular difference between neighboring atoms from their natural stable alignments in a conductor is their electric potential. The electric potential difference between different points in a conductor produces resultant electric field about the conductor. The resultant electric field is the result of temporary structural distortions continuously maintained in the universal medium about a conductor. Electric current is the establishment of resultant electric fields in all planes perpendicular to the axis along a conductor. There are no translations of subatomic particles during an electric current.
A hypothesis presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’ can logically explain all physical phenomena in the universe. https://www.matterdoc.info. Please see the Table of contents of the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined) at https://matterdoc.info/matter/mattoc.pdf
Nainan
3.
Free quanta of matter within a gap in the universal medium are gathered together, compressed and shaped into a segmented spherical shape by gravitation to form a 3D matter-particle. This 3D matter-particle is moved at the highest possible linear speed and spun about one of its diameters at a spin speed (frequency) proportional to its 3D matter-content by the universal medium. This 3D matter-core and structural distortions in the surrounding universal medium, together, form a photon. Photons are the most basic 3D matter-particles. The 3D matter-core provides the photon’s particle-nature and the rotating structural distortions in the surrounding universal medium provide the photon’s wave-nature. Rotating structural deformations in the universal medium around the 3D matter-core of a photon has many similarities with EM waves. A continuous flow of photons is the radiation of 3D matter. The transfer of alternating structural distortions in the universal medium is an EM wave. All superior 3D matter-bodies are formed by combinations of photons. All properties of light (radiation) can be logically explained by this concept.
`Two compatible high-frequency photons, moving about each other in a circular path about a common centre point, under gravitational attraction, form a biton. A biton is the smallest and the most stable sub-atomic particle. Motions of constituent photons in a common circular path produce a primary electric field about the biton. Depending on the reference used, the primary electric field has both positive and negative electric charges. Different combinations by bitons form all other superior 3D matter-particles. Under compression, bitons enlarge and discard constituent quanta of matter from their photons. This process is the heating and is accompanied the expansion of 3D matter-bodies. Discarded quanta of matter may form photons to be radiated from the site. The reverse process is cooling.
Two bitons in mutually perpendicular planes, under gravitational attraction, link together about a common centre to form a tetron. A number of tetrons link together to form a single layered spherical shell to form a neutron. Primary electric fields of constituent bitons in a neutron neutralise each other, thus making the neutron free of electric charge. Normally, neutrons are used to fill gaps or as balance weights in spinning nuclei. An unbalanced, unduly long nucleus, during its spin motion, may vibrate and its constituent photons may discard quanta of matter. Discarded quanta of matter, if sufficient in number, may form new photons and radiate away from the region. This phenomenon makes certain atoms radioactive. Splintering the tetron shell of a neutron (or that of a proton or a deuteron) may yield a number of groups of tetrons having different physical properties, thus giving the appearance of a great many types of sub-atomic particles.
Three bitons in mutually perpendicular planes, under gravitational attraction, link together about a common centre, to form a hexton. Depending on the resultant of the constituent bitons’ primary electric fields about it, a hexton may be classified as an electron or a positron. The resultant field about a hexton can be considered a combination of an electric field, a magnetic field and a nuclear field. An electron has a magnetic field with two magnetic south poles (with no well-defined magnetic north pole), an electric field (that can be considered to have both positive and negative electric charges) and an outward (repulsive) nuclear field. A positron has a magnetic field with two magnetic north poles (with no well-defined magnetic south pole), an electric field (that can be considered to have both positive and negative electric charges) and an inward (attractive) nuclear field.
Because of their repulsive nuclear field, the electrons maintain their individuality throughout their lives. A number of tetrons link with a positron in a neutron-like shell to form a proton. Two neutron-like tetron-shells about a positron make a deuteron. Deuterons are major components of atomic nuclei. Except for Hydrogen atoms, nuclei for all other atoms are formed by deuterons arranged in circular sections, linked side by side about a common central axis. The development of a nucleus continues until the first approaching electron commences to spin the nucleus and determines the direction of the spin of the atom. An equal number of electrons, as there are positrons in a nuclear section, approach and orbit around each of the nuclear sections in their own planes. The development of an atom continues until the number of orbiting electrons equals the number of positrons in the nucleus.
A hypothesis, presented in the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined)’ can logically explain all physical phenomena in the universe. https://www.matterdoc.info . Please see the Table of contents of the book ‘MATTER (Re-examined) at https://matterdoc.info/matter/mattoc.pdf
Nainan
How Does Physics Know? The Epistemology Presupposed by Physics and Other Sciences
https://www.researchgate.net/post/How_Does_Physics_Know_The_Epistemology_Presupposed_by_Physics_and_Other_Sciences
As 3D rational beings, we consider real entities in the universe are only those entities that have matter-content and have objective existence in 3D space. Hence, you think all that exist are structured forms of matter.
An entity that provides the substance (stuff) to a material object and a suitable mechanism for its structural formation is essential for all objects that are considered to exist in our world. Therefore, the basic entity that provides substance is 'matter' in its unstructured state. A mechanism provided by this unstructured matter helps to form a universal medium, which in turn provides the mechanism for the formation of superior matter bodies that we consider to exist.
The existence of unstructured matter is the only one essential assumption. All other physical phenomena can be derived from this.
In order to exist, the matter has to have the ability to preserve its identity and integrity. Every point in a block of unstructured matter has to have a certain affinity (something like attraction) towards all other surrounding points. This phenomenon compels a block of unstructured matter to splinter into very minute particles (quanta of matter) which tend to reduce their existence into minimum spatial dimensions (2D or 1D). This tendency helps the quanta of matter to form a universal medium that fills the entire space outside the most basic 3D matter-particles.
Unfortunately, I am ignorant about ‘Aristotelian’.
Preprint MATHEMATICAL SOURCE OF FLAWS IN COSMOLOGICAL THEORIES: MATHE...
Preprint THE EPISTEMOLOGY PRESUPPOSED BY PHYSICS AND OTHER SCIENCES R...
PHYSICAL-PROCESSUAL REPRESENTATION OF IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Physical-Processual_Representation_of_Irrational_Numbers
THE ONTOLOGY BEHIND PHYSICS
3.1. Traditional Physical Categories
https://www.researchgate.net/post/The_Ontology_behind_Physics
https://www.researchgate.net/post/Grounded_Physical-Ontological_Categories_behind_Physics
Grounded (New) Physical-Ontological Categories behind Physics
Preprint THE ONTOLOGY BEHIND PHYSICS: CRITIQUE OF TRADITIONAL PHYSICA...
A SIMPLE GAME-CHANGER CAUSALITY FOR PHYSICS: Beyond the Two Millennia
https://www.researchgate.net/post/A_SIMPLE_GAME-CHANGER_CAUSALITY_FOR_PHYSICS_Beyond_the_Two_Millennia
https://www.researchgate.net/post/DEFINITION_OF_THE_ONTOLOGY_BEHIND_PHYSICS_5_Paragraphs
DEFINITION OF THE ONTOLOGY BEHIND PHYSICS (5 Paragraphs)
THE ANOMALY IN MATHEMATICAL / THEORETICAL PHYSICS (Short Text)
https://www.researchgate.net/post/THE_ANOMALY_IN_MATHEMATICAL_THEORETICAL_PHYSICS_Short_Text
Here a serious and somewhat complex matter to discuss:
NON-FOUNDATIONS OF ‘WAVICLES’ IN EINSTEIN-PODOLSKY-ROSEN PARADOX: Bases for Quantum Physics to Evolve (Maybe a physical-ontological Breakthrough)
https://www.researchgate.net/post/NON-FOUNDATIONS_OF_WAVICLES_IN_EINSTEIN-PODOLSKY-ROSEN_PARADOX_Bases_for_Quantum_Physics_to_Evolve_Maybe_a_physical-ontological_Breakthrough
Preprint A SIMPLE GAME-CHANGER CAUSALITY FOR PHYSICS Beyond the Two Millennia
AGAINST COSMIC ISOTROPY, CONFORMAL CYCLIC COSMOS, ETERNAL INFLATION, etc.: A Critique of Identity, Simultaneity, Cosmic Repetition / Recycling, etc.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/AGAINST_COSMIC_ISOTROPY_CONFORMAL_CYCLIC_COSMOS_ETERNAL_INFLATION_etc_A_Critique_of_Identity_Simultaneity_Cosmic_Repetition_Recycling_etc
Preprint A SIMPLE GAME-CHANGER CAUSALITY FOR PHYSICS Beyond the Two Millennia
AGAINST COSMIC ISOTROPY, CONFORMAL CYCLIC COSMOS, ETERNAL INFLATION, etc.: A Critique of Identity, Simultaneity, Cosmic Repetition / Recycling, etc.
https://www.researchgate.net/post/AGAINST_COSMIC_ISOTROPY_CONFORMAL_CYCLIC_COSMOS_ETERNAL_INFLATION_etc_A_Critique_of_Identity_Simultaneity_Cosmic_Repetition_Recycling_etc
Preprint ESSENTIAL LOGIC, EPISTEMOLOGY, AND ONTOLOGY BEHIND PHYSICS, ...
WHAT IS THE MYSTERIOUS STUFF OF INFORMATION? A Short but Clear Definition
https://www.researchgate.net/post/WHAT_IS_THE_MYSTERIOUS_STUFF_OF_INFORMATION_A_Short_but_Clear_Definition
Preprint COSMIC ISOTROPY, CONFORMAL CYCLIC COSMOS, ETERNAL INFLATION:...
THE PLANCK ERA / QUANTUM ERA and “DISAPPEARANCE” OF PHYSICAL CAUSALITY: “OMNIPOTENCE” OF MATHEMATICS
https://www.researchgate.net/post/THE_PLANCK_ERA_QUANTUM_ERA_and_DISAPPEARANCE_OF_PHYSICAL_CAUSALITY_OMNIPOTENCE_OF_MATHEMATICS
Preprint PLANCK ERA or QUANTUM ERA,and ”DISAPPEARANCE” OF CAUSALITY. ...
Before we can talk about the constancy of the speed of light, it is desirable to discover the nature of light, the agency affecting its motion, the mechanism of its motion and the agency with which the displacement of light is related. The linear speed of light is related only to the external space (a medium) through which it is displaced. The value of the linear speed of light is a constant only with respect to the external medium and it is the highest possible linear speed at which light can be moved. The highest linear speed of light with respect to an external observer depends on the nature of the agency that provides the impetus. The mechanism of motion of light includes the mechanism to maintain its linear speed to the highest possible value by controlling its frequency. An attempt to increase the linear speed of light increases its frequency rather than increasing its linear speed and an attempt to lower the linear speed of light reduces its frequency rather than reducing its linear speed.
See: http://vixra.org/pdf/1312.0130v1.pdf and http://vixra.org/pdf/1103.0026v2.pdf
Preprint CAUSAL HORIZONAL RESEARCH: A METHODOLOGY IN PHYSICS Raphael ...
https://www.researchgate.net/post/WHAT_IS_INFORMATION_WHAT_IS_ITS_CAUSAL_OR_NON-CAUSAL_CORE_A_Discussion
Deleted research item The research item mentioned here has been deleted
Preprint LINGUISTIC HERESY OF DENOTATIVE ABSOLUTISM: PHYSICAL-BIOLOGI...
https://www.researchgate.net/post/ONTOLOGICAL_DIFFERENCES_OF_CHARACTERISTICS_OF_ARTIFICIAL_AND_BIOLOGICAL_INTELLIGENCE_ALGORITHMS_AND_PROCEDURES_Against_Exaggerations
https://www.researchgate.net/post/WHY_EXACTLY_THE_WAVE-PARTICLE_DUALITY_Phenomenal_Ontological_Commitment_POC_as_the_Solution
https://www.researchgate.net/post/UNTENABLE_REIFICATION_OF_CONCEPTS_IN_PHYSICS_With_Examples
Preprint WHY EXACTLY WAVE-PARTICLE DUALITY? Phenomenal Ontological Co...
https://www.researchgate.net/post/DO_PHYSICAL_QUANTA_EXIST_Why_Should_CONSCIOUSNESS_Be_Treated_Quantum-Biologically
In the material world, the existence of matter is closest to absolute truth. All real entities are made of matter. As different material bodies exhibit diverse properties, matter itself has no inherent property except its ability to exist. Different properties exhibited by material bodies are due to the arrangement of matter particles in and about them.
Strain, caused by the arrangements of matter particles in and about a material body, is the work associated with that body, and the stress due to this strain is the energy. Hence, energy is the apparent nature of work. Work is a real entity, and the associated energy is an imaginary entity. No apparent entity can be converted to a real entity, or vice versa.
This is a thing that many Newtonians have been saying. Even Democritus had such ideas. I am living in the 21st century. You have already been saying this in your works and in your opinion in RG. If possible, read my preprints or my books. Otherwise, you will be repeating the same ideas here!
https://www.researchgate.net/post/HEIDEGGER_How_a_Philosopher_Destroys_His_Own_Thoughts_Coherence_and_Adequacy
The truth does not change as time passes. Nor does it change if it is represented by other names. Currently, matter is often symbolized by its mathematical representation, mass. Modern physicists even define it as a variation of an imaginary entity, energy.
Energy itself is defined as the ability to do work. Ability is a qualification or a condition, which are adjectives and hence imaginary. However hard one may try, except in mathematics, an imaginary entity cannot be converted into a real entity.
Matter has an objective existence, whereas energy exists only in the minds of the proposer and in mathematical analyses. It has neither constituents nor structure, without which it can change form or be transferable. Hence, equating matter (a real entity) with energy (an imaginary entity) is illogical and unnecessary.
The least the supporters of the equivalence of matter and energy can do is define energy as a real object with definite material constituents and physical form.
Nainan
Yes, yes. Please continue in your faith in these things. Never read the books of philosophers of physics with enough education in physics and math. Reading their books is bad, because they are fools. Physicists and mathematicians alone know real somethings. I congratulate your Wisdom.
Preprint UNIVERSAL CAUSALITY AND THE PHYSICAL-ONTOLOGICAL DEFECT OF N...
Thank you very much.
Mathematics is a good tool. Problems start only when it starts dictating the results through illogical assumptions. In formal or abstract logic that is used in mathematics, we have the advantage of being able to decide whether a reason is valid without being psychologically influenced by statements. Notations given in mathematics have no specific meanings. They may be given many different meanings. Thus, it becomes much easier to tell a good reason from a bad one when arguments are exhibited in their skeleton form in notations. In this form, they are simply ‘propositional functions’. However, conclusions reached in mathematical treatments cannot be considered as assertions until meanings are assigned to the notations used. Only then do they become proper ‘propositions’. The resultant statements may be true, false, or nonsense. Consequently, similar conclusions reached mathematically (using propositional functions) in two sets of arguments do not guarantee similar conclusions when propositions are used. This fact is often overlooked by those who insist on mathematical treatments as the sole criteria for a good theory. In mathematical physics, any two entities can be equated by sufficient deliberations. Energy is a very convenient assumption that can be used as the reason for any action that lacks an apparently logical reason. Every conclusion in my concept is based on deductive logic rather than on mathematical derivations.
Nainan
A general instruction is what you gave, I think. Now, what does it all imply concerning matter and energy? Am interested in that.
A concept developed logically from a single assumption, would pave the way towards an all-inclusive universal physical theory. As there is only one assumption, this theory will be beyond falsification that applies to other theories.
The assumption, used in this concept, should be closest to absolute truth and unquestionable. I found the ‘existence of matter’ as a suitable candidate for this purpose. We are material bodies and all other objects (we deal directly with) are made of real matter. All other phenomena (including the ‘energy’) in physics could be the results of gradual development from this assumption.
Nainan
Preprint DIFFERENCES IN THE CONCEPTS OF CAUSALITY IN METAPHYSICS AND ...
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