For All This Time, Protons Have Been Hiding Secret Mass. We Just Found It. https://www.msn.com/en-au/news/techandscience/for-all-this-time-protons-have-been-hiding-secret-mass-we-just-found-it/ar-AA19jArq?cvid=35c90bc1c9ce4a9eb87b68460caf1ce8&ocid=winp2fptaskbarhover&ei=5#comments

Determining the gluonic gravitational form factors of the proton https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-05730-4?utm_medium=affiliate&utm_source=commission_junction&utm_campaign=CONR_PF018_ECOM_GL_PHSS_ALWYS_DEEPLINK&utm_content=textlink&utm_term=PID100087576&CJEVENT=02c9fd28d06911ed80194c8a0a1cb829

These articles remind me of Information Physics, where extra mass is present because particles are made of information which is the result of their being composed of energy (E=mc^2 explains how the energy becomes mass). Electric pulses would provide the energy, and the binary digits (1s and 0s) of the information. Quarks or gluons would not be the tiniest things in existence but the electric pulses making up quarks and all other particles - as well as the energy in spacetime - would be the ultimate composition of everything. The pulses of electricity or electromagnetism could be combined with gravitation to produce mass. This is implied by both Einstein's 1919 paper "Do gravitational fields play an essential role in the structure of elementary particles?" and the abstract of the paper in Nature referring to "gravitational mass". The nonexistence of hard boundaries which this article mentions is consistent with energy composing them. The mass-radius would be noticeably smaller than the charge-radius because the electric or electromagnetic, and gravitational, composition of a particle would extend fields beyond them.

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