I have come across some literature regarding Protein-ion interactions. In some of them, the direct mechanism is explained (i.e charge based neutralization, effect of charge density etc.) and in some of them, the indirect mechanism is explained (i.e. through solvation/hydration layer and preferential exclusion etc.)

I want to know which mechanism is right? or is it that both of them happen but at different ionic concentrations?

If someone can please spare some time to explain this, I would be obliged.

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