I suggest how the PhD work theme affected global warming on tectonic movements of continental plates or on increasing volcanic eruptions.

The problem of progressing climate changes related to global warming is probably the most serious problem for humanity in the 21st century. It seems to me that this issue is barely touched by the media, politicians and industrialists, the owners of many industrial corporations continue to downplay, ignore this problem or its scale.

Humanity has reportedly only had a decade of time for necessary changes in the energy sector to avoid a global climatic catastrophe, i.e. to implement the principles of sustainable pro-ecological development in line with the concept of a new, green economy

Much has to change in consumer awareness, business must change and different social groups should force policies and change legal regulations. It is necessary to develop co-financing of investment projects in the field of renewable energy sources by the state from public funds. In addition, businesses must see this business. The development of renewable energy sources should be profitable, and it is not because it is cheaper to mine minerals, to devastate the natural environment. It is cheap to run classic energy based on mineral combustion because this classic energy and mining industry of hard and brown coal, oil refinery industry, automotive industry of vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines etc. is not burdened with the costs of natural environment devastation, costs of treatment of people who suffer from due to poor air, smog and no negative effects of global warming. If the mining, energy, processing and automotive industries were burdened with these costs, then it would not be worthwhile to devastate and pollute the natural environment. Then it would be more profitable to develop energy and industry based on renewable energy sources. Inventions of electricity have over 100 years of history. 100 years ago, electric cars should be produced, but the oil business this scenario of more sustainable development has crossed out. Therefore, for over 100 years, archaic energy based on the burning of minerals has been developed. During these 100 years, the average temperature of the Earth's surface has increased by 1 degree ° C. From specific scientific studies, it appears that humanity is only 12 years left to make the necessary changes, to switch energy and industry to renewable energy sources and the automotive industry to electromobility, to reduce poor quality of stoves and domestic ovens, on the development of large and small, home solar, wind and other power plants. At the same time, investment projects in renewable energy sources should be widely developed and entire economies should switch to sustainable pro-ecological development according to the concept of a green, new economy. If during this time these changes are not implemented then the average temperature of the Earth until 2030 will increase by another min. 1 degree ° C and then in the following years the greenhouse effect will accelerate and the problem of global warming will become an irreversible process, which will mean the widespread apocalyptic climate disasters covering most of the Earth's surface before the end of the 21st century.

The report of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) shows that greenhouse gas levels on the globe are the highest in 800,000 years. Further emission, which arises according to the authors of the report mainly due to the combustion of fossil fuels, will lead to climate changes, which will be the greater, the more intensive will be the release of gases into the atmosphere. The report is a synthesis of earlier findings of the IPCC.

The conducted prognostic analyzes show that if the industrial development proceeds in the same way as before, i.e. without the implementation of eco-innovations, without reducing greenhouse gas emissions, etc. there is a risk that by 2050 the average temperature on the Earth's surface may increase by another one degrees ° C. It would have been an increase in the average temperature on the surface of the Earth from the end of the first industrial revolution, from the beginning of the 20th century by two degrees ° C. Then the pace of climate change will increase so much that the global warming process can escape any control and then the person will not be able to stop or significantly slow down this process. In such a dark scenario, the average temperature on the surface of the Earth until the end of the twenty-first century may increase by as much as four degrees ° C. Then it will be several times the increase of any negative external effects of climate change on the current state. Slak of emerging climatic cataclysms, including tornadoes, droughts, volcanic eruptions, melting of glaciers in chains of mountain peaks and in the arctic circle region at the Arctic will significantly accelerate. The melting of eternal decay in the Arctic region will release further millions of tons of methane and the greenhouse effect will accelerate even further and in the XXII century an increase in the average temperature on the Earth's surface can achieve a geometric pace. Then it will be a disaster not only for human civilization but also for a large part of life forms on Earth. Pradoxically, man as a rational, intelligent being who, evolutionarily gained an advantage over all other forms of life on Earth and subordinated the whole planet to itself, may lead to self-destruction. Or maybe it is not too late to implement a new eco-friendly economy to at least try to stop greenhouse gas emissions and reverse unfavorable global warming processes? It is therefore necessary to promote and implement the principles of sustainable development within the framework of the new green economy.

Another interesting topic of PhD's work is the question of decreasing resources of clean water.

In the future, due to the progressive global warming, the surface resources of clean water will be decreasing.

In addition, clean water resources have been decreasing for many years due to the ongoing environmental pollution.

Global warming in many places around the Earth globe will cause weather anomalies, including droughts where up to now there was no such negative weather phenomenon.

Water resources will therefore decrease in these areas.

How are the irrigation systems for arable fields developed in your countries in situations of ever-increasing drought?

In view of the above, I would like to ask you: Are there any problems in your country related to declining resources of clean water?

Another interesting topic of PhD's work is the question of declining resources of glaciers in the mountains and glaciers in the Arctic and Antarctic due to the warming of the Earth's climate.

Another interesting topic of PhD's work is the issue of emerging drought, stephening of green areas as a result of progressing global warming.

Another interesting topic of PhD's work is the question of declining forest areas, declining areas of natural forest ecosystems on Earth in connection with the development of a predatory market economy.

Another interesting topic of PhD's work is the afforestation, planting of trees, reclamation of the civilizationally devastated environment.

In many countries, in individual regions and urban agglomerations, tree planting projects are currently underway as part of afforestation programs for civilization-modified areas. In some countries afforestation of civilizational modified areas is considered one of the most important instruments to neutralize the negative effects of greenhouse gas emissions. The main premise of this thesis is the fact that certain species of trees and shrubs absorb significant amounts of CO2 and improve microclimate and water management in surface layers of soil. However, according to the results of scientific research in a situation of high greenhouse gas emissions, afforestation will not solve the problem of global warming. If in a given country, in a given agglomeration the majority of households, motor vehicles and enterprises from the energy sector relies on burning of minerals, the emission of greenhouse gases is so high that afforestation may reduce this emission to a very small extent. In this situation, apart from afforestation, other projects should be developed that will enable the implementation of the principles of sustainable, pro-ecological development based on the concept of a new, green economy. These other pro-ecological undertakings include, first of all, the development of renewable energy sources, increasing the efficiency of waste segregation, recovering secondary materials, development of electromobility in the automotive industry, development of programs for implementation, implementation and financing of eco-innovations, such as the construction of small household ecological power plants based eg on installing house roofs photovoltaic panels replacing stoves, in which often poor quality minerals are burned, etc. Therefore, afforestation does not solve the serious problem of global warming but should be developed as one of many instruments to reduce the negative greenhouse gas emission effects.

In addition, it is particularly important to protect existing forest resources, including natural forest ecosystems characterized by high biodiversity, and therefore a high biological value, such as rainforest, tropic rainforest of the Amazon. However, this is only an example of the largest, existing natural forest ecosystem on Earth. All other such ecosystems should be under strict protection and should be excluded from the predatory, devastating forest exploitation economy, i.e. harvesting timber from these natural forest ecosystems, because in the context of the problem of global warming they are one of the most important, most valuable resources of the planet Earth .

I think you have to read ore of previous literature review about your field in general, then believe that you will find the suitable topic with a main contribution.

Another interesting topic of PhD's work is the issue of growing weather anomalies in connection with global warming. For example, changes in rainfall in specific areas and the impact of this process on local ecosystems.

Rain is necessary in many climatic zones to allow biological life to exist so that biodiverse natural ecosystems exist. In addition, rain in many climate zones and countries is indispensable for agricultural development. Rain is also a source of water in many geographical places, which then penetrates deep into the Earth, feeds waters, waterways, underground, and deep water streams. In addition, the rain feeds the river and lake water, the living environment of many species of plants and aquatic animals, etc. Rain is essential for the effective functioning of ecosystems, but also for people.

In some places on Earth less and less rain falls. It is a threat to the natural environment, to biological ecosystems, long-lasting droughts appear. It is related to global climate change, probably with global warming, global greenhouse effect, and rising annual average temperature on a global scale.

Another interesting subject of PhD's work, which can be investigated using satellite geolocation, is the effect of using a specific chemistry on agricultural crops and the local environment of the natural environment.

Should chemistry and monoculture be reduced in sustainable and ecological agriculture and agricultural techniques referring to natural ecosystems should be developed?

Many studies show that the most effective organic farming involves cultivating a formula that refers to natural, complex, biologically multispecies ecosystems.

The formula of ecological agriculture consisting in cultivating many different plant species side by side, referring to the formation of a natural ecosystem, allows to eliminate chemical plant protection products and reduce biological fertilization.

Only the use of biologically neutral machines and technical devices for crops to correct the functioning of organic crops would allow the improvement of this formula and the pursuit of sustainable agriculture.

Only the question of the legitimacy of using or possibly resigning from the creation of new, more resistant to various diseases and pests of new varieties of cultivated plants through the application of genetics engineering would remain to be considered.

It is not about creating new species of plants or animals through genetic manipulation techniques, but about breeding more resistant to diseases and pests new crop varieties as a perfecting cultivation formula referring to the natural ecosystem.

Crops referring to the natural biological biological system should be improved by the creation and introduction into these complex crops of these new varieties of crop plants in order to restore biological balance, which was previously significantly reduced through the widespread use of monoculture crops grown under classical agriculture.

In this way, it is possible to recreate sustainable agriculture in the future in areas where formerly monocultural farming crops or reclamation areas were previously operated.

Therefore, I would like to ask you: Should chemistry and monoculture be reduced in sustainable and ecological agriculture and agricultural techniques referring to natural ecosystems should be developed?

Another interesting topic of PhD's work, which can be investigated using satellite geolocation, is the diminishing resources of natural ecosystems characterized by the largest bio-biological biodiversity, such as the tropical Rainforest of the Amazon.

The Amazon rainforest is the largest complex of the natural forest ecosystem producing 60% oxygen on Earth, these are the lungs of the planet Earth.

In addition, it is a natural complex of forest ecosystem with rich biodiversity.

In these Amazonian ecosystems there are still many, millions of species of flora and fauna that have not yet been fully discovered or described.

The scale of felling and thinning stands in the Amazon's forest is so large that every day the scale of this unique biodiversity decreases and many species of living organisms cease to exist.

Human civilization in this way destroys one of the greatest achievements in the development of life, the evolution of ecosystems on Earth.

This is a very serious problem to solve in the 21st century.

You should find the title. Nobody can find it for you. Remember that the PhD program aims to help students become indendent researchers. You should be able to perform from A to Z in the research process.

I agree mostly with Claire Su-Yeon Park, however, I think finding a proper research topic and especially working out the research plan is a common work of the supervisor and the future PhD candidate. In this setting, IMHO, the supervisor is responsible for that the research plan is feasible (it is still possible that it fails, it is research!) and for the resources (funding, lab capacity, office space, access to data bases and literature, international network of specialists). These components are typically needed for the successful research, and the future PhD candidate self cannot guarantee that (for 4-5 years).

That is why my answer, dear Aliyu Umaru , beside of finding a topic, you also have to find a supervisor who is willing to supervise you and your topic.

Having dealt with tectonism, volcanology and alike, I find the suggested topic "...global warming on tectonic movements of continental plates or on increasing volcanic eruptions " as not feasible (suggestion by Dariusz Prokopowicz). If you want to know something about how climate and orogeny is coupled, you may want to read the seminal paper (the chicken-egg-paper) of Molnar & England (1990): Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and global climate change: chicken or egg?

Article Late Cenozoic uplift of mountain ranges and global climate c...

(For non-geoscientists: Peter Molnar is a Crafoord Prize winner (2014).) This paper initiated a very valuable debate on climate-induced relief enhancement, which is an extremely interesting topic.

For volcanism, you may want to read first relevant papers on magma generation, partial melting, magma differentiation, etc.

Kind regards, Balázs

It depends on how it works in your university. I think it should be somehow agreed between you and your supervisor.

this is between you and your supervisor but my suggestion to you :

- affection of human activity in the geology map in ............. (Nigeria)

study using remote sensing and GIS

- Using Gis to study developed of structure in coastal land in Nigeria

You can work with landslide with gis