I need suggestions before the experiment to be carried out:
Please can anybody explain on what ground the dozes of nanoparticles should be selected for wastewater treatment study?
Especially the industrial wastewater?
From last decade the use of nanoparticles for water treatment have gained the special attention due to its property being highly profitable as an adsorbents and for using for filtration purpose. Dose will vary from situation to situation
Not sure if you're planning to look at (i) the removal of nano-sized particles from wastewater or (ii) their application as sorbents..
However, a very general recommendation is to apply a logarithmic gradation of test suspension concentrations.
i) In case the aim is to remove nanoparticles, take measured concentrations from waste water treatment plants and choose additional doses above and below (perhaps 2 on each side).
ii) If you're working with a new sorbent material instead, you may want to benchmark it against an established compound, so choose a concentration range overlapping existing reference research.
Chemical structure and properties of nanoparticles, composition of wastewater and target (adsorption, photo-catilysis, oxidation) are very important in dose determination.
You may need to specify the process (e.g., adsorption? photocatalysis?) for which you are going to use nanoparticles.
For the case of adsorption studies, you need to determine the adsorption capacity (e.g., as mg of pollutant/g of adsorbent) of your adsorbent for the particular pollutant. Once you know the adsorption capacity, it is then straight forward to calculate the required adsorbent dose given the pollutant concentration is known in wastewater. It should be noted that adsorption capacity is not a constant value; it might be different under different experimental conditions, e.g., pH, copresent constituents, temperature.
For the case of photocatalysis, you can experimentally determine the optimum dosage. Usually, there is an optimum dosage, below or beyond which the performance is relatively poor.
Industrial wastewater is often a complex mixture of diverse constituents. You may first need to characterize the wastewater to know its strength and composition, and afterwards, you may need to do a few preliminary experiments using a range of nanoparticles doses to get an idea. But of course you have to start from somewhere, and Lucas Jagodzinski has given good suggestion that get a reference value from relevant literature.
Activated neutralized red mud, herein referred to as Toxic-out powder(TOP), is used as a novel adsorbent for removing acetaminophen derived from pharmaceuticals and other personal care products(PPCPs) wastewater. The adsorption of acetaminophen on Toxic-out powder(TOP) is studied as a function of pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosage. The results of adsorption studies indicate that adsorption of acetaminophen by TOP reveals promising results for the removing of acetaminophen in the pharmaceuticals and other personal care products(PPCPs) wastewater, although adsorption of acetaminophen by TOP shows low adsorption capacity at pH values below 7.0 and requires more longer contact time, comparing to activated carbon. It is assumed that adsorption mechanisms of acetaminophen by TOP result in the lattice space of the neoformed minerals such as brucite (Mg(OH)2), aragonite (CaCO3), para-aluminohydrocalcite (CaAl2(CO3)2(OH)4.3H2O), portlandite (Ca(OH)2), hydrocalumite (Ca2Al(OH)7.3H2O) and hydrotalcite (Mg6Al2CO3(OH)16.4H2O) during the TOP manufacturing process. These findings suggest that Toxic-out powder could be used as an efficient low-cost adsorbent for removing acetaminophen in the natural stream, groundwater, and soil as well as pharmaceuticals and other personal care product easte water.
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