I am working on propagation of Gmelina arborea ( Gamar/ sivan). The species is widely explored for agroforestry purposes but quality planting material is still a constraint. I not come across much seed and seed propagation studies in the species. Can anybody suggest/ provide some references/ article on Gmelina arborea seed and seed/ vegetative propagation studies.
Please have a look at these links and PDF attachments.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225945867_A_review_of_propagation_programs_for_Gmelina_arborea
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227150333_Gmelina_arborea_-_A_viable_species_for_smallholder_tree_farming_in_Indonesia
Article A review of propagation programs for Gmelina arborea
Article Gmelina arborea - A viable species for smallholder tree farm...
Dear Dr. Dobriyal Sir,
Please go through these PDF attachments also.
Good luck
You are welcomed. I sent the online version of one of the article. For clarity I copy the citations below.
Jim
Bertomeu M, JM Roshetko, and S Rahayu. 2011. Optimum Pruning Strategies for Reducing Crop Suppression in a gmelina-maize Smallholder Agroforestry System in Claveria, Philippines. Agroforestry Systems 83: 167-180.
Roshetko JM, Mulawarman, and P Purnomosidhi. 2004. Gmelina arborea – a viable species for smallholder tree farming in Indonesia? New Forests 28: 207-215.
Kindly have a look on following review.. Best.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:NEFO.0000040951.93838.6d
Dear Manmohan, hope you may have downloaded above mentioned articles. Further, if, any other general articles related with vegetative propagation/clonal propagation are required, please let me know, I will send you the link. All the best.....
I have worked with the propagation practices for Gmelina arborea while I was a research fellow in Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi, Kerala with Dr KKN Nair. KFRI Has a research bulletin on plantation practices for Gmelina available for purchase
Gmelina arborea
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Gmelina arborea
Gmelina arborea tree plantation
Gmelina arborea sapling from Mindanao, Philippines
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Lamiales
Family:
Lamiaceae
Genus:
Gmelina
Species:
G. arborea
Binomial name
Gmelina arborea
Roxb.
Synonyms
Gmelina arborea var. canescens Haines
Gmelina arborea var. glaucescens C.B.Clarke
Gmelina rheedei Hook. [Illegitimate]
Gmelina sinuata Link [1]
Gmelina arborea, (in English beechwood, gmelina, goomar teak, Kashmir tree, Malay beechwood, white teak, yemane[2] ), locally known as gamhar, is a fast-growing deciduous tree, occurring naturally throughout greater part of India at altitudes up to 1,500 meters. It also occurs naturally in Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam, and in southern provinces of China, and has been planted extensively in Sierra Leone, Nigeria, Malaysia, and on experimental basis in other countries as well. It is also planted in gardens and avenues.
Contents
[hide]
1Tree characteristics
2Geographical distribution
3Utilization of the species
4Medicinal uses
5Chemistry
6Local names
7Gallery
8References
9External links
Tree characteristics[edit]
Leaves in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Flower in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Flowering at Canopy in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Bark in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
Gmelina arborea is a fast-growing tree, which grows on different localities and prefers moist fertile valleys with 750–4500 mm rainfall. It does not thrive on ill-drained soils and remains stunted on dry, sandy or poor soils; drought also reduces it to a shrubby form.
The Gmelina arborea tree attains moderate to large height up to 30 m with girth of 1.2 to 4 a chlorophyll layer just under the outer bark, pale yellow white inside.
Gmelina arborea wood is pale yellow to cream-coloured or pinkish-buff when fresh, turning yellowish brown on exposure and is soft to moderately hard, light to moderately heavy, lustrous when fresh, usually straight to irregular or rarely wavy grained and medium course textured. Flowering takes place during February to April when the tree is more or less leafless whereas fruiting starts from May onwards up to June. The fruit is up to 2.5 cm long, smooth, dark green, turning yellow when ripe and has a fruity smell.
This tree is commonly planted as a garden and an avenue tree; growing in villages along agricultural land and on village community lands and wastelands. It is light demander, tolerant of excessive drought, but moderately frost hardy. It has good capacity to recover from frost injury. Gamhar trees coppices very well with vigorous growth. Saplings and young plants need protection from deer and cattle.
Geographical distribution[edit]
In India, Gmelina arborea occurs extensively from the Ravi eastwards in the sub-Himalayan tracts, common throughout Assam and adjoining areas of northern West Bengal, also in southern Bihar and Odisha, sporadically found in western and southern India and planted elsewhere on a large scale. Gamhar most commonly occurs in West Bengal forests in mixed forests.
Utilization of the species[edit]
Gmelina arborea timber is reasonably strong for its weight. It is used in constructions, furniture, carriages, sports, musical instruments and artificial limbs. Once seasoned, it is a very steady timber and moderately resistant to decay and ranges from very resistant to moderately resistant to termites.
Its timber is highly esteemed for door and window panels, joinery and furniture especially for drawers, wardrobes, cupboards, kitchen and camp furniture, and musical instruments because of its lightweight, stability and durability. It is also used for bentwood articles. In boat building it is used for decking and for oars. Gmelina arborea is a popular timber for picture and slate frames, turnery articles and various types of brush backs, brush handles and toys also for handles of chisels, files, saws, screw drivers, sickles etc. The wood is also used for manufacturing tea chests and general purpose plywood, blackboards, frame core and cross bands of flushdoor shutters. In the instrument industry gambhar timber is widely employed for the manufacture of drawing boards, plane tables, instrument boxes, thermometer scales and cheaper grade metric scales. It is also used in artificial limbs, carriages and bobbins. It is an approved timber for handles of tennis rackets, frames and reinforcements of carom boards and packing cases and crates. Gamhar is used in papermaking and matchwood industry too.
Gmelina arborea leaves are considered good for cattle (crude protein – 11.9%) and are also used as a feed to eri-silkworm.
'Kumizh tree' when burnt yields the whitest possible ash;mention is made by certain 'rock art enthusiasts' that this ash is one of ingredient in the semi solid white ochre used to draw the very ancient 'cave paintings' as old as 3,000 to 5,000 years or more; found in the dense forests of Tamil Nadu.[3]
Medicinal uses[edit]
The root and bark of Gmelina arborea are claimed to be stomachic, galactagogue laxative and anthelmintic; improve appetite, useful in hallucination, piles, abdominal pains, burning sensations, fevers, 'tridosha' and urinary discharge. Leaf paste is applied to relieve headache and juice is used as wash for ulcers.
Flowers are sweet, cooling, bitter, acrid and astringent. They are useful in leprosy and blood diseases.
In Ayurveda, it has been observed that gamhar fruit is acrid, sour, bitter, sweet, cooling, diuretic tonic, aphrodisiac, alternative astringent to the bowels, promote growth of hairs, useful in 'vata', thirst, anaemia, leprosy, ulcers and vaginal discharge.
The plant is recommended in combination with other drugs for the treatment of snakebite and scorpion sting. In snakebite a decoction of the root and bark is given internally.
Chemistry[edit]
Lignans, such as 6“ - bromo - isoarboreol, 4-hydroxysesamin, 4,8-dihydroxysesamin, 1,4-dihydroxysesamin (gummadiol), 2-piperonyl-3-hydroxymethyl-4-(α-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxybenzyl)-4-hydroxytetrahydrofuran and the 4-O-glucoside of 4-epigummadiol, can be isolated from the heartwood of Gmelina arborea.[4] The parent compounds are arboreol or gmelanone.[5]
Umbelliferone 7-apiosylglucoside can be isolated from the root.[6]
Five constituents, isolated from the heartwood of G. arborea, (+)-7′-O-ethyl arboreol, (+)-paulownin, (+)-gmelinol, (+)-epieudesmin and (−)-β-sitosterol, show antifungal activity against Trametes versicolor.[7]
Local names[edit]
Gmelina arborea is locally called by different names in different languages:
Languages of India:Assamese- Gomari
Meghalaya (Garo) - Gamari, Gambare
Bengali- gamari, gambar, gumbar
Manipuri- Wang (ৱাং)
Gujarati- Shewan, Sivan
Hindi- gamhar, khamara, khumbhari, sewan
Kannada- kooli mara,Shivane mara, kumbuda, kumulu
Kasmiri- mara, shivani
Malayalam- kumbil, kumbulu, kumilu, kumiska, pokki
Marathi- shivan, siwan
Nepali-khamaari
Oriya- Bhadraparni, gambhari, kumar,ଗମ୍ଭାରୀ
Punjabi- gumhar, kumhar
Sanskrit-गम्भारी gambhari, सिन्धुपर्णी sindhuparni, सिन्धुवेषणम् sindhuveshanam, स्तूलत्वचा stulatvach
Sinhala- Demata (දෙමට)
Tamil- kumla, kumalamaram, kumil(spelled as "Kumizh" nowadays as the nearest phonetic), Venthekku, ummithekku
Telugu- gumartek, gummadi, summadi
Languages of South-east Asia:Burmese: ယမနေ [jamanei][tone?]
Laotian: ໂຊ [sóː]
Mon: ရမ္မာ [rɔmma]
Filipino: yemane
Indonesian: Jati putih
Gallery[edit]
Flowering canopy at 23 Mile near at Jayanti in Buxa Tiger Reserve in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal, India.
fallen flower at 23 Mile near Jayanti in Buxa Tiger Reserve in Jalpaiguri district of West Bengal, India.
References[edit]
Jump up^ http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-91180
Jump up^ "A tree species reference and selection guide". Archived from the original on 2011-09-30. Retrieved 2009-06-28.
Jump up^ Gangadharan V. (2012 Mar 26) Materials behind the method The New Indian Express, page 2
Jump up^ Novel hydroxy lignans from the heartwood of gmelina arborea. A.S.R. Anjaneyulu, A.Madhusudhana rao, V.Kameswara Rao and L.Ramachandra Row, Tetrahedron, 1977, Volume 33, Issue 1, Pages 133–143, doi:10.1016/0040-4020(77)80444-4
Jump up^ The structures of lignans from Gmelina arborea Linn. A.S.R. Anjaneyulu, K.Jaganmohan Rao, V.Kameswara Rao, L.Ramachandra Row, C. Subrahmanyam, A. Pelter, R.S. Ward, Tetrahedron, 1975, Volume 31, Issue 10, Pages 1277–1285, doi:10.1016/0040-4020(75)80169-4
Jump up^ An apiose-containing coumarin glycoside from gmelina arborea root. P. Satyanarayana, P. Subrahmanyam, R. Kasai and O. Tanaka, Phytochemistry, 1985, Volume 24, Issue 8, Pages 1862–1863, doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)82575-3
Jump up^ Antifungal activity of constituents from the heartwood of Gmelina arborea: Part 1. Sensitive antifungal assay against Basidiomycetes. F. Kawamura, S. Ohara and A. Nishida, Holzforschung, June 2005, Volume 58, Issue 2, Pages 189–192, doi:10.1515/HF.2004.028
A study was attempted to evolve method for mass multiplication of mature ortets of G. arborea involving rooting of miniature bud sprouts.
https://scialert.net/fulltextmobile/?doi=rjf.2014.25.31
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