Mechanism of Pb availability as affected by hardness of water?

More Tushar Kumar's questions See All

How to use Density Functional Theory to calculate carrier mobilities of solid system?

Hello, everyone. I have tried to determine carrier motilities of some materials, by Density Functional Theory, using Quantum ESPRESSO. There are a few methods to do it, like a package called...

04 August 2024 8,894 1 View

What is the relationship between the threshold voltage and the device's noise performance, particularly in terms of flicker noise and thermal noise?

The threshold voltage (Vth) of a MOS device plays a crucial role for its operation. At the same time, noise is an intrinsic factor. So how noise (flicker or thermal) change with the change in...

29 July 2024 3,246 0 View

What is the solvent system required to run tlc for calixarenes?

If you don't understand my question let me know

21 July 2024 563 1 View

Sample size for qualitative study?

I am working on scale development in behavioral finance by undertaking a mixed-method approach using the exploratory sequential design. The phenomenon has diverse meanings in existing literature...

20 July 2024 9,153 11 View

How to convert available phosphorus to total phosphorus?

I need to convert Available phosphorus into total phosphorus

18 July 2024 6,799 3 View

Can we find the Gromacs version from XTC file or TRR?

Hello everyone, This soudns like a strange question, but I created five XTC files using five different versions of GROMACS some years ago. All other files are missing, and I want to repeat the...

16 July 2024 7,205 2 View

Can it is possible to find the cleaved sequence when a protein cleaved by a heamaglutanin protease (HA/P) by any bioinformatics tools?

Bioinformatics tools like peptide cutter

15 July 2024 6,453 1 View

Kraft lignin and MMA(Methyl meth acrylate) free radical polymerization for synthesis of thermoplastics?

I am conducting free radical polymerization using Kraft lignin and MMA, with DMSO serving as the solvent and there is also an initiator. Following the reaction, I obtain a solution, but I am...

15 July 2024 9,827 1 View

Can we progress towards defining obesity based on body fat content?

The burden of obesity is enormous. The greater challenge lies in accurately diagnosing obesity at the right time, reflecting the true increase in visceral fat. BMI may not accurately represent...

14 July 2024 8,771 4 View

How does high humidity affect the growth and development of crops?

10 July 2024 7,258 20 View

• What the possible Persistent Organic Pollutants and Heavy metals present in fluorspar, sediments, and water bodies around its mining area?

Approximate concentrations are require in compared with the WHO permissible limts

11 August 2024 2,723 1 View

Is there a problem with my RNA pellet?

Hello, I am currently having problems with RNA extraction. I am using mouse liver (C57BL6J), and I have extracted RNA from mouse liver before. Before this experiment, my final RNA pellets were...

11 August 2024 7,082 3 View

Handling Missing Data and Building a Predictive Model with Incomplete Information ?

I am developing a predictive model for a water supply network that involves 20 influencing points. However, I only have historical data for 10 out of these 20 points. I would like to know how to...

10 August 2024 4,005 2 View

Do interactions between biosphere, carbon cycle, & water cycle impact global warming & interaction between atmosphere & hydrosphere?

How do interactions between the biosphere, the carbon cycle, and the water cycle impact global warming and interaction between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere?

09 August 2024 3,291 2 View

RNA Extraction Using Hot Borate Method No Longer Working?

I've been performing RNA extraction on cotton petiole tissue for a few months now using the method described in the following paper, a derivative of the typical hot borate method...

08 August 2024 9,882 2 View

Is it true that $\det(V(A))$ may be only $\pm 1$, depending on $n$, for the last symmetric tridiagonal matrix $A$?

One can try to generalize the Vandermonde determinant in the following direction: Let $A$ be any symmetric $n$-order square matrix. Consider its powers' diagonal elements $(A^k)_{ii}$ and...

08 August 2024 6,690 1 View

Can formaldehyd-fixed gelatin be melt?

I am puzzled about the properties of gelatin, when used for tissue-embedding. Hard gelatin can be melt again by temperatures about 40°C. Formalin-fixed gelatin is like crosslinked protein and...

07 August 2024 1,686 1 View

Low-yield gel extraction problem?

I am having an issue with my gel image where my PCR product is not appearing very bright on the gel. When I perform gel extraction, the A260/280 purity value is very low. I used the Qiagen gel...

05 August 2024 9,798 3 View

Do you have good tips for seaweed tissue preservation in the field for post RNA extraction?

I will be with my students collecting seaweed samples in a marine farm and later we will process this tissue for RNA isolation and further sequencing. Does anyone have tips on how to collect the...

04 August 2024 501 2 View

How to Add Missing Water Molecules in Protein-Membrane Simulations?

I have protein-membrane simulations (PDB, PSF, DCD) and have noticed that water molecules near the protein are not visible in the simulations. How can I fix this issue? Is there a way to place the...

04 August 2024 1,200 2 View

Virendra Kumar Saxena

Pb in water is due to Anthropogenic pollution. For example industrial waste may contain Pb and when ground water interact, dissolution of Pb may be expected. However availability in very less quantity. Such quantity not have any significance over Hardness.

Musa Titus Sesay

Lead (Pb) can be present in water in various forms, such as dissolved or particulate, and its availability can be affected by the hardness of the water. Hardness is a measure of the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions in water, and it can affect the solubility and speciation of lead.

Hard water (high hardness): Hard water can reduce the solubility of lead compounds and make them less available. The high concentration of calcium and magnesium ions can form insoluble lead compounds, such as lead carbonate and lead hydroxide, which can precipitate out of the solution and become less available.

Soft water (low hardness): Soft water can increase the solubility of lead compounds and make them more available. The low concentration of calcium and magnesium ions can reduce the formation of insoluble lead compounds, allowing more lead to remain in the solution and be more available.

Complexation: The hardness of water also affects the complexation of lead, which is the process of lead ions forming complexes with other ions in water. Hard water can reduce the formation of lead complexes, making them less available. Soft water can increase the formation of lead complexes, making them more available.

pH: The pH of water can also affect the solubility and speciation of lead. Generally, as the pH of water increases, the solubility of lead compounds decreases and the availability decreases.

It's important to note that the mechanism of lead availability in water can be affected by many factors, such as temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and the presence of other ions. Therefore, it's important to consider all these factors when assessing lead availability in water.