Does anyone have knowledge or examples of marker variable questions that can be used in Stress related self-report questionnaires? Also, how many marker variables are required in a typical questionnaire of 40 questions, e.g. If one is controlling for social desirability, must one use all the questions from an existing scale or can one be selective with the number of items used to ensure that the respondent is not fatigued in answering the questionnaire?
Larry Williams has written about the marker variable and has a few thoughts about how to choose. From the Williams et al. 2010:
"With this in mind, we recommend that the definition of a marker variable be expanded so that not only is a marker variable defined as a variable that is not expected to be theoretically related to substantive variables in the model but it is also defined as capturing or tapping into one or more of the sources of bias that can occur in the measurement context for given substantive variables being
examined, given a model of the survey response process"
You only need one marker variable, so it would have the number of items required to measure it. If you include a measure of social desirability, this would be a case of a measured method variance source, which Williams mentions, and is discussed in Spector et al. 2017.
Spector, P. E., Rosen, C. C., Richardson, H. A., Williams, L. J., & Johnson, R. E. (2017). A new perspective on method variance: A measure-centric approach. Journal of Management, 0(0), 0149206316687295. doi:doi:10.1177/0149206316687295
Williams, L. J., Hartman, N., & Cavazotte, F. (2010). Method variance and
marker variables: A review and comprehensive CFA marker technique.
Organizational Research Methods, 13, 477–514.
Larry Williams has written about the marker variable and has a few thoughts about how to choose. From the Williams et al. 2010:
"With this in mind, we recommend that the definition of a marker variable be expanded so that not only is a marker variable defined as a variable that is not expected to be theoretically related to substantive variables in the model but it is also defined as capturing or tapping into one or more of the sources of bias that can occur in the measurement context for given substantive variables being
examined, given a model of the survey response process"
You only need one marker variable, so it would have the number of items required to measure it. If you include a measure of social desirability, this would be a case of a measured method variance source, which Williams mentions, and is discussed in Spector et al. 2017.
Spector, P. E., Rosen, C. C., Richardson, H. A., Williams, L. J., & Johnson, R. E. (2017). A new perspective on method variance: A measure-centric approach. Journal of Management, 0(0), 0149206316687295. doi:doi:10.1177/0149206316687295
Williams, L. J., Hartman, N., & Cavazotte, F. (2010). Method variance and
marker variables: A review and comprehensive CFA marker technique.
Organizational Research Methods, 13, 477–514.
Hi Paul, Thanks for the feedback, it is greatly appreciated, I will have a review at the papers you listed, Kevin
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