There have been some important shifts in language policies and ideologies related to immigration, race, ethnicity and language in recent decades:

• From assimilation to multiculturalism. Early 20th century policies aimed to assimilate immigrants and minority groups into the dominant culture. More recent policies embrace multiculturalism and cultural diversity. However, debates around assimilation vs. multiculturalism continue.

• From monolingualism to bilingualism. Bilingual education and language retention are now supported, in contrast to earlier policies that discouraged use of languages other than English. However, English-only movements also persist.

• From white supremacy to inclusion. Ideologies of white supremacy and nativism were dominant earlier. While prejudice still exists, inclusion and diversity have become more prominent ideological frames. However, nationalist populism is also on the rise.

• From color-blindness to recognition of racial inequality. Policies now recognize and aim to remedy racial disparities, in contrast to earlier color-blind approaches. However, there is disagreement over how to address racial inequality systematically.

• From strict borders to mixed-status families. Immigration enforcement and deportation were less strict earlier, whereas now mixed-status families face more uncertainty and barriers. At the same time, immigrant-friendly "sanctuary" policies also exist.

• Intersectionality influences debates. Discussions of immigration policy now incorporate more nuanced, intersectional perspectives that consider gender, class, sexual orientation, religion, Ability, etc. in addition to race and ethnicity.

• New concepts shape views. Ideas like language rights, translanguaging, linguistic citizenship, diaspora and transnationalism have also impacted views on language, identity and belonging.

Overall, there is a slow but steady progress toward inclusion and justice, though debates remain highly politicized and tilted policies are still possible. Let me know if you have any other questions!